A Discussion on Animal Rights Essay - 1335 Words

A Discussion on Animal Rights Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; The Declaration of Independence holds these rights to be self evident and unalienable. In the eighteenth century when these words were written they were called natural rights, today we call them human rights (McShea 34). The issue of whether or not to grant animal rights such as those that humans retain, is a greatly disputed issue. Philosophers, clergyman, and politicians have argued the point of animal rights for years, but without success. Animal right is an extremely intricate issue that involves the question of animal intelligence, animal activist groups, and the pros and cons of granting animals their rights. Psychologists around the world, who†¦show more content†¦The activists found the cats in poor condition. Deep incisions scarred some cats backs and they were dragging their hind legs (Reed 38). While in the lab, the ALF members photographed the cats and later turned the cats over to sympathetic veterinarians who treated and put the cats up for adoption. In June 1991, ALF claimed credit for $800,000 worth of damage caused by arson at the Northwest Farm Cooperative in Edmonds, Washington, a supplier of feed to mink ranches. Totally opposed to any kind of animal exploitation, ALF does not indulge in eating eggs, honey, or dairy products. On the other side of the coin is Putting People First (PPF). A grass roots organization made up of men and women who advocate the eating of meat, the wearing of furs and using animals in biomedical research. PPF takes the human side if the animal rights issue. As PPF is the only pro-human group, it is also the only nationwide organization attempting to merge interests of hunters with all the other interest groups that stand to lose to the animal rights extremists groups (Tapply 98). This human rights group promotes the age- old view that human rights are above animal rights. PPF began in 1990 with Kathleen Marquardt as the director and founder of the human rights organization. By tracking legislative proposals and lobbying against animal rights bills at state and local levels,Show MoreRelatedThe Feminist Theory Of Animal Studies924 Words   |  4 Pagesscholars are concerned with a broad range of issues and topics for discussion. Taking this into consideration, animal studies is a new and edgy field, especially in the context of feminist theory. The general findings of this paper include patriarchal establishments, and speciesism as an institution of oppression influencing and interconnected with sexism. However, this literature review will not explore the connections of animal studies within queer theory due to insufficient research, though theRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesfull scope of animal cruelty, but they should know so they can properly report situations. People might not understand the ways in which animal cruelty can show itself and may not know the frequency and effects of these criminal acts today. Animal cruelty, bri efly defined, is the inadequate caring, beating, hurting, or some other abuse/neglect of an animal. Animal cruelty is an illegal act in the United States, but there is a controversial discussion around whether animals have rights in the firstRead MoreShould Animals Be Used For Scientific Experiments?1189 Words   |  5 Pagesjustifying the use of animals for scientific research to benefit man, to giving them the right to live life alongside man? This brings up the debate: should animals be used in scientific experiments (â€Å"†¦procedures performed on living animals for purposes of research into basic biology and diseases, assessing the effectiveness of..† Humane Society International)? This debate has been going on for centuries, and still very prevalent in today’s society. Especially with the rise of animal activist groups suchRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Is Not Defined The Same By All People1132 Words   |  5 PagesWriting to Solve a Problem: Animal Cruelty Cruelty to animals is not defined the same by all people. Cruelty encompasses physical and mental harm. By definition, any action that causes physical or mental harm to an animal would be considered cruel. The blanket opinion is most often unanimous, cruelty to animals must cease, there then begins the differing of opinions. The determination of what is considered acceptable treatment of animals, and what is considered cruel treatment has been dissectedRead MoreInterim Report for Engineering Ethics and Emerging Technologies1275 Words   |  6 Pagescertain aspect of the topic of discussion? †¢ Whether enough considerations have being carried out comprehensively to weigh between the disadvantage and advantages of the issue? As such, we will be looking into few case studies, which involves emerging technologies, which do not only affect present status but also further generations and therefore a need for ethical evaluation for its introduction into the society. In Vitro Meat In vitro or lab-grown meat is animal flesh, except it never wasRead MoreAnimal Rights And Human Rights923 Words   |  4 Pages Animal Rights â€Å"Nearly as many, 68 percent, were concerned or very concerned about the well-being of animals used in ‘sports’ or contests as well as animals in laboratories (67 percent) (Kretzer, 1).† Many people question whether an animal is capable of thought and emotions. Others feel as though animals are the equivalent of humans and should be treated as such. Since the 1800’s, animal rights has been a topic that has several different sides including two extremes. If animals can react to theirRead More David Foster Wallace’s essay Consider the Lobster1674 Words   |  7 Pagescompares to David Foster Wallace’s essay, â€Å"Consider the Lobster,† which starts as a review of the Maine Lobster Festival, but soon morphs into an indictment of not only the conventions of lobster preparation, but also the entire idea of having an animal killed for one’s own consumption. Wallace shows great skill in establishing ethos. In the essay, he succ eeds in snaring a receptive audience by laying out a well-baited trap for an audience who was looking for something else altogether, but he ultimatelyRead MorePet A Non Profit Organization1670 Words   |  7 Pagesdonations has made it clear that it is more interested in financial growth than addressing speciesism and nonhuman animal cruelty. The organization has utilized the mechanisms of capitalism to challenge nonhuman animal exploitation, which (as discussed earlier) is largely fueled by the capitalist logic of economic growth. Given the size and influence of PETA on the nonhuman animal rights movement, the emphasis on donations-based advocacy might compel advocates to assume that social change requiresRead MoreAre Animals are Capable of Reasoning? Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pages In his lectures about the way humans treat animals offered at Princeton University, John Coetzee chose to tell his audience a short fictional story about Elizabeth Costello, an aging female novelist . Costello is invited to give a lecture at Appleton College in any topic she wants, which turns out to be about animals. At first, using a story in a lecture seemed to be interesting, but a story about a novelist delivering a lecture should not be more interesting than Coetzee himself giving a lectureRead MoreEthical Issues on the Treatment of Animals Essay722 Words   |  3 Pages Animals have always played an essential role in many aspects of this world. Some people look upon these roles with favoritism, some with disgust. Animals are considered different from humans by some people because of their behavior, mannerisms or actions. Some animals are used as food by humans and other animals, while others are trapped for their furs. Many times people acquire animals for pets, only to neglect or mistreat them. For many years, the ethical treatment of animals has been

divorce Essay - 815 Words

Divorcenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Divorce rates in the United States have increased dramatically over the past 25 years. Researchers have found that more than 40 percent of all marriages among young Americans end in divorce resulting in its acceptance in today’s family structure and behavior (â€Å"Demographics†). Divorce has become such a painless process that the moment a couple hits the rocks it is easier and less stressful for them to divorce rather than going through the trouble of trying to work things out. However, even though a couple may be unhappy getting a divorce is not always the best option because of its unfortunate effects on all those involved. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most common†¦show more content†¦A common response to a divorce is built up anger that children may release in different fashions. However, in contrast children may also feel guilty or in some way responsible for the divorce causing them to withdraw or isolate themselves from their family. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Researchers have explained that most children can adapt to a divorce within a couple of years, however it can vary from situation to situation. Whether children fare well depends on their age, past experiences, and how their parents handle the divorce. There are many stresses that are associated with divorce and even though children may do well in single-parent families, their chances of increased social problems are much greater. Another damaging effect of divorce on children is the fact that they may have to move or one of their parents moves away. This can cause the child to lose valuable ties with friends that may have helped them to cope with the situation. Due to this fact, the child may handle the situation with many different types of emotions. Some children get angry, some feel sad, and some may experience feelings of rejection. The children in these situations end up having much more anxiety then those children growing up in two-parent homes. A feeling of helplessness is another factor that affects these children becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Divorce Of A Divorce941 Words   |  4 Pagesanymore. When they are unable to maintain their marriage, their solution is to choose is divorce. Divorce, is defined as, the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body. In today’s society, divorce is more normal than ever before due to unhappy marriages. The effects of the divorce are emo tional effects, financial problems, and direction to an improved lifestyle. When it comes to divorce there s so many emotions that are being effected in the situation such as depression, happinessRead MoreDivorce : The Divorce Rate1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe divorce rate, while fluctuating over time, has reached high percentages lately. As Coltrane and Adams posit, the high divorce rates are due in part to the fact that the expectations of marriage are high in high esteem. When it does not work out, people are anxious to try again to find the perfect partner. Divorce is what allows people that opportunity (Coltrane and Adams p. 201). However, the intricacies of divorce are complicated. Much of the conversation of divorce is focused on fault andRead MoreDivorce And The Divorce Process1471 Words   |  6 Pagesthe subject of divorce, it became very apparent that the stressors leading up to divorce, the entire legal process, adjusting to life afterward and everything in between, left little more than devastation in its wake. By and large, divorce is incred ibly taxing on several fronts. We will discuss the emotional ramifications of divorce for spouses and children, what environmental factors contribute strongest to the dissolution of marriage, what percentage of marriages end in divorce, and the estimationRead MoreThe Divorce Rate Of Divorce1123 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship, therefore they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between husband and wife. Furthermore, most people think carefully before they get marriage. However, the divorce rates trend to continually increase nowadays, thus it might be argued that divorces can be taken place easier than the past. In the United States, researchers estimate that 40%–50% of all first marriages, and 60% of second marriages, will end in divorce. Divorce has always been present in AmericanRead MoreThe Issue Of Divorce And Divorce Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesIt is common gossip that half of marriages end in divorce. But this gossip is more true t han most would assume. One in every one hundred marriages in North Carolina as well as a genuine half of marriages across the United States end in divorce and, according to Jennifer Lansford, â€Å"50% of American children will experience their parents’ divorce† (140). This rate of separation is essentially a heads-or-tails on marriages to determine whether or not they will work out and if a child will be affectedRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Divorce2098 Words   |  9 PagesThe memories of divorce have never been more sorrowful to any age group than the children of divorced parents. Although a couple’s marriage vows usually include the phrase â€Å"till death do us part,† about half of all marriages end up in divorce (â€Å"Divorce†). The reasons for divorce could be very simple as well as they could be complex. Some reasons for divorce are adultery, simple arrogance, dishonesty, insecurity, domestic and sexual abuses. In some situation d ivorce may provide relief from theRead MoreThe Divorce Cycle : The Children Of Divorce986 Words   |  4 Pagesinterested in the topic: consequences in divorce. Being a child of divorced parents is something I have always thought about and how it will effect me later in life with my relationships. I wonder if I am more likely to have a divorce as well because my parents had one. I have found a couple articles that talk about this topic one titled, Understanding the Divorce Cycle: The Children of Divorce in their own Marriages and the another titled, Effects of Parental Divorce on Marital Commitment and ConfidenceRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children And Divorce1460 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world, most people accept divorce or separation as a way of life. Parents are unaware or do not understand the damage it can have on their children. However, in some instances, it is better to get out of an abusive relationship because that can be as toxic as divorce. On average, 50% of children who are born with married parents, will experience divorce before the age of 18 (Children and Divorce Baucom, 2010-2017). Along with divorce statistics, 40% of children in America are raisedRead MoreDivorce Rate And Divorce Rates1224 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce rate also known as divorce demography, which is the study of demographic factors that impact divorced as a social phenomenon, the divorce demography can clearly evaluate and reflect the marriage stability and happiness index of certain countries or area and that is the reason why data statistics of divorce rate is important. According to ONS (Office of National Statistics), the divorce rate has not been that low since 1974, when it was 0.9%. The number of divorces in 2014 was declined toRead MoreDivorce Effect On Children : Divorce1825 Words   |  8 PagesApril, 2016 Divorce Effect on Children Divorce seems to become more and more common nowadays. Divorce can be a simple or complicated process depending if children are involved. This process can have negative and positive effects in a child s life. A divorce is the legal process of a marriage coming apart. A divorce with children involve cost more and takes about eleven months for the marriage to end. The majority of the divorces happening in the United States involve children. Divorce has different

Effect of temperature and SDS concentration on cell membranes of beet root cell free essay sample

Five test tubes were labelled with the appropriate SDS concentrations to be tested. 6ml of 0, 0. 025, 0. 05, 0. 25, and 0. 5 %SDS concentration were added to each appropriately labelled tube. A beet cylinder was then placed in each tube for 20 minutes and gently shaken occasionally. The rest of the procedure was performed as outlined in the laboratory manual (Danyk, 2013/14) Data collection and measuring absorbance The tubes from both experiments were arranged from the palest to darkest and placed in a spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance. Each absorbance was then converted to determine the concentration using the standard curve formula. The curve was prepared by plotting various known betacyanin concentrations with their respective absorbance. The concentrations were calculated using the formula x=y/0. 0084. Where x is the independent variable representing betacyanin concentration (Â µM) and y is the dependent variable representing betacyanin absorbance (460nm). Data was collected from the same studies done by other people and the mean and standard deviation calculated. The mean data and standard deviation were obtained from the class data and then plotted on two graphs using excel. Results Figure 1. The Effect of SDS concentration on the membranes of the beetroot cell obtained from the Mean and Standard Deviation of Class Data. From Figure 1, the results show an increase in the betacyanin concentration as the % SDS concentration increased. The first three concentrations do not have a great effect on the betacyanin concentration, however, as the %SDS increased to 0. 025 there was an obvious rise in the betacyanin concentration. The standard deviations for the 0. 25 and 0.5 concentrations show a large deviation from the mean value, implying varying values for the betacyanin concentrations at that amount of SDS. The data however clearly reveals an effect on the membranes of the beetroot cells. Figure 2. The Effect of Temperature on the membranes of the beetroot cell obtained from the Mean and Standard Deviation of Class Data. Figure 2 shows increasing betacyanin concentrations at -5? C as well as 70? C. The other temperature treatments also resulted in varying betacyanin concentrations. The temperature treatment at 25? C resulted in the least amount of betacyanin concentration. The standard deviation at -5? C showed least deviation from the mean data whereas the deviations for the other treatments from the mean value increased as the temperature increased. The results show a steady decrease in betacyanin concentrations from -5? C to 25? C, a gradual increase to 40? C and then a sharp increase to 70? C. Discussion The results supported the hypothesis that at extremely high concentrations of SDS concentrations and at extremely low and high temperatures, there will be a deeper red color in the water surrounding the beetroot, hence a greater betacyanin concentration. The increased concentration at -5? C could be due to rigidity within the phospholipids. A membrane remains fluid as temperature decreases until finally the phospholipids settle into a closely packed arrangement and the membrane solidifies. (Reece et al. , 2011) The rigid nature of the membrane would make it easy for cracks to occur within the cell and the betacyanin would leak out. The solidified membrane makes it lose cell integrity, since membranes must be fluid to work properly (Reece et al, 2011). When a membrane solidifies, its permeability changes (Reece et al. , 2011) this explains the leaking of the betacyanin from the vacuolar membrane, as in Figure 2 at -5? C. Also from Figure 2, the betacyanin concentration at room temperature is similar to that at 5 ? C. Expected results should have indicated a slightly larger difference in betacyanin concentrations between the temperatures, since the temperature at 5 ? C is colder than 25 ? C (room temperature) hence, there would be more rigidity in the membrane at 5 ? C than at 25 ? C. Similar betacyanin concentration readings could also be due to delay in the addition of 6ml water to the beet after it was removed from the refrigerator. The delay could have caused a change in the temperature of the beetroot cylinder, hence changing the structure of the membrane from its previous structure at 5 ? C. Membranes that are too fluid cannot support protein function either and so do not function appropriately. (Reece et al, 2011) Rapidly moving phospholipids would be unable to support membrane proteins and the structure of the membrane would be compromised. The change in the structure would cause an opening in the cell which affects membrane integrity. This explains why higher temperatures also have high amounts of betacyanin concentration, as seen in Figure 2 at 70 ? C. The extreme fluidity of the membrane caused the betacyanin to leak out because the cell was unable to maintain its structure, and therefore lost cell integrity. Detergents can be used to remove proteins from cell membranes, (Freeman, 2002) the absence of proteins destroys the cell membrane structure which makes it lose its integrity. SDS is a detergent and increased concentrations would remove proteins from within the cell membrane. The cell integrity is lost because of the composition of the membrane which includes integral and peripheral proteins. These proteins maintain the membrane function (Reece et al). SDS also contains sodium which is usually part of the substances within the membrane. The cell membrane has a function which involves regulation of Na+ ions by driving them out, and allowing K+ cells in.(Reece et al, 2011) Increasing SDS concentration forces the cell to leak betacyanin since the concentration gradient is tampered with and the absence of the proteins within the cell membrane makes it lose its structure leading to increased betacyanin concentration as seen in Figure 1. The relatively large values for some of the betacyanin concentrations make the data obtained fairly reliable. The plotted data was from the means and standard deviations of a class data, this implied the experiment was carried o ut more than once to obtain the data and errors were included. The objective of the experiment was to study membrane integrity under stresses of SDS concentration and temperature. The results show that membrane integrity is disrupted by extremely low and high temperatures as well as high SDS concentrations. This suggests that cell membrane integrity can be compromised by stresses that are applied to it. A further study would be to test the effect of potassium chloride concentrations on the cell membrane, to determine any changes in the cell membrane integrity.

Effective Communication Diagnosis and Reflection †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Effective Communication Diagnosis and Reflection. Answer: Diagnostic tools of communication The preservation of personal information is one of the areas that face challenge especially where social interactions occur. To maintain secrecy about individuals information particularly the emotions is vital. To enhance the effectiveness, diagnostic tools of communication are a remedy. The tools ensure secrecy of information in business arena, regarding the employees (Kotler Keller, 2006). The tools of communication include Questionnaires, Johari window, Assertiveness Questionnaires and the Styles of communication. Therefore, the application of the tools of communication enhances diagnosis and secrecy of information. Johari window The JOHARI Window offers a convenient format for demonstrating personal and group information, for instance, the feelings, the experiences, the views, the attitudes, the skills, the intentions and the level of motivation from four viewpoints. The tags refer to 'self' and 'others' where 'self' implies oneself while 'others' denotes other people in the persons group or team (Prosek, 2011). It is an outstanding tool for relating self-perception to public perception and turning to be a guide map developmental enhancements. The Open Area quadrant is the area of free activity. It is the behavioral and emotional information regarding the self and other people. Instances of such information include trust degrees, communication style, proficiency at work and leadership efficiency. Teams and working groups, a target should be the growth and extension of the open area for everyone, since the area is expanded. People are effective and productive and consequently, likewise the teams and working groups (Rose, 2008). The Free area, minimizes misrepresentations and mistrust by offering occasions for dialogue on topics that are openly recognized as important. The scope of the Open area is a progressive outcome of working interactions. People with reputable working relationships have the bigger areas and the ones who are newly employed have the minute areas. The Free part is typically expanded by invading into the Blind and Hidden areas. This denotes that the expansion of the Open quadrant results from revealing what is hidden and inquiring about the blind spots (Bratton Gold, 2012). Regularly, this results from the natural course of rising work experiences, however, this can happen through actively involving in personal feedback processes. According to Armstrong (2012), the Johari window is applicable in different forms of communication. The employer can engage the employees in verbal communication to inquire the levels of competency. The window can be used for assertive perceptions diversely by the employees. Individuals can engage themselves in non-verbal communication while analyzing the merit advancements in the Open area. Moreover, the employees can actively listen to the managers in performance evolution while using the window. Questionnaires Questionnaires are essential in evaluating employee performance regarding different times of appraisal. Notwithstanding the number of publications concerning auditing and organizational structural communication, intellectuals pay little consideration to the consistency and rationality of individual check techniques. A study conducted to inspect the merits and limitations of the Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) by related CSQ outcomes with results gathered with the acute incident technique (Burchill, 2008). The analyst used both tools to assess the excellence of internal communication in three organizations. The results concluded that the two techniques join and that the CSQ seems to have criterion-related rationality. However, the CSQ fails to openly address matter of decision making, top-down and bottom-up communication, accountabilities, and the degree to which organizations retain rules and agreements (Dundon Rollinson, 2011). The intellectuals concluded that the CS Q is a suitable tool for gaining general perceptions into the manner employees appraise features of organizational communication although the method is less appropriate for diagnosing definite communication difficulties and framing recommendations. As a diagnostic tool of communication, questionnaire is reliable in some forms of communication. It is appropriate in verbal communication since there is inquiry of information. Furthermore, it engages active and effective listening as one has to respond (Webster et al 2008). It incorporates assertive perception as the employee has to answer some questions pertaining merit. Assertiveness Questionnaires Assertiveness questionnaires are tool diagnostic tools of effective communication that enhances self-expression. Basically, assertiveness questionnaires revolve on trust rather than dominion. The communication tool concentrates on employees ability to communicate and express feelings, thoughts, opinions and needs. Again, the communication tool entails the setting of goals that are realistic and honesty (Prosek , 2011). As diagnostic measure, the tool reduces conflict, enhances good relationships, builds self-confidence and is a technique that equip individuals to cope with challenging situations. Assertiveness questionnaires are tools that suitable for various forms of communication. Firstly, it engages the verbal communication as there is expression of thoughts, needs and emotions. It further entails active and effective listening as there is interaction and sharing between employees and the employer (Armstrong, 2011). It corporates the assertive perception as individuals have to choice if to express the emotion, needs and the opinions. Assertiveness questionnaires are reliable diagnostic tool of communication. Communication styles Verbal communication entails communication styles that are used as diagnostic tool s of communication regarding the business environment. The style of communication may depend on culture and religion partially. Therefore, the communication style applied may be a diagnostic tool or not. The common communication styles include the assertive, aggressive, passive-aggressive, submissive and manipulative. The communication style employed will determine the outcome of the issue (Baldwin, 2006). For effective diagnosis, the style chosen should help to solve the matter at hand. Mostly, the communication styles are reliable in verbal communication, assertive perception and active listening. Findings Effective Business Communication entirely depends on the diagnostic tool applied. The application of communication tools should be in a style to ensure the matter at hand is solved. Furthermore, the communication tools concentrates on the emotional and behavioral aspects of the employees. To some extent, culture and religion disparities may hinder effective application diagnosis. Therefore, the application of diagnostic tools of communication helps in providing favorable environment that boosts employee performance (Prosek, 2011). The communication style and the mode of determining diagnostic tool of communication require attention. Consequently, the two issue that require development are the communication styles and the mode of determining diagnostic tool of communication. Reflection My recent interaction with my employer was one of the matters that led to reflection of the communication style applied and mode the mode of determining the diagnostic tool of communication. The employer turned to be manipulative in his style of communication and his choice of diagnostic tool was questionable. Literature review Effective communication is vital to ensure successful delivery of the preferred information or message. For communication to be effective, certain components of communication must be applied. The application depends on the tools of communication engaged. Poor application of the tools of communication may impact to poor conveyance of information (Akar Topcu, 2011). For effective communication in business arena, keen observation of the communication tools in basic. The communication tools include the styles of communication, Johari window, Questionnaires and Assertiveness questionnaires. Communication styles can be applied in different areas of communication, for instance, verbal communication, non-verbal, active and effective listening and assertive perception (Baldwin, 2006). Effective application of the tool of communication enable successful delivery of information. Effective Business communication is crucial in improving the employees quality of work. The management should consider the communication style choice and the mode of determining diagnostic tool of communication. Otherwise, the employees will present poor quality outcome (Bratton Gold, 2012) Apparently, communication styles play key role during the interaction course between employer and employees. The communication style available include the assertive, aggressive, passive-aggressive, submissive and manipulative. According the scenario present, the administration should wisely choose the communication style applicable. The assertive style of communication is preferable regardless the situation or the issue of conflict. Conflict can arise between the employees or between the employer and the employees. Besides the conflict resolution means available, the choice of communication style plays a prime role in the resolution of the conflict (Burchill, 2008). The manager is free to apply managerial skills while using this form of communication. Basically, the assertive style of communication is friendly and promotes understanding between the parties in a conflict. Actually, the assertive way of communication minimizes chances of conflict in the organization. As communication style, assertive is based on trust rather than dominion. The employer does not dominate the full time course of the conflict resolution. Once the employee is given the opportunity to participate in the decision making process, the conflict is peacefully settled. The engagement of the employee in crucial matter such as the decision making motivates, encourages and escalates the performance of the employee to a better outcome (Armstrong, 2012). Assertive of style of communication enables the employee to freely and openly express the opinions, thoughts, needs and feelings. The employees ability to communicate and propose suggestions makes the employee feel appreciate and consequently, improved performance. Furthermore, the assertive style of communication helps to build the employees self-confidence (Dundon Rollinson, 2011). Finally, the assertive way of communication enhances the employee with techniques and tools of coping difficulty situations. The communication styles raise alarm for development and enhancement within business environment. The performance of an employee may possibly depend on the communication style of the senior. Optimal choice of the communication style frees the employee and consequently, better outcome of the business organization (Webster et al 2008). The mode of determining the diagnostic tool of communication may escalate or hinder the performance of an employee. Poor choice of the tool of communication results into poor performance while a good choice boosts the performance. Therefore, the management should consider a diagnostic tool that reliable concerning the immediate case. Essentially, the Johari window is a better diagnostic tool of communication. The JOHARI Window offers a convenient format for demonstrating personal and group information, for instance; the feelings, the experiences, the views, the attitudes, the skills, the intentions and the level of motivation from four viewpoints. The tags refer to 'self' and 'others' where 'self' implies oneself while 'others' denotes other people in the persons group or team (Kotler Keller, 2006). It is an outstanding tool for relating self-perception to public perception and turning to be a guide map developmental enhancements. The Open Area quadrant is the area of free activity. It is the behavioral and emotional information regarding the self and other people. Instances of such information include trust degrees, communication style, proficiency at work and leadership efficiency (Prosek, 2011). Teams and working groups, a target should be the growth and extension of the open area for everyone, since the area is expanded. People are effective and productive and consequently, likewise the teams and working groups. The Free area, minimizes misrepresentations and mistrust by offering occasions for dialogue on topics that are openly recognized as important. The scope of the Open area is a progressive outcome of working interactions. People with reputable working relationships have the bigger areas and the ones who are newly employed have the minute areas (Webster et al 2008). The Free part is typically expanded by invading into the Blind and Hidden areas. This denotes that the expansion of the Open quadrant results from revealing what is hidden and inquiring about the blind spots. Regularly, this results from the natural course of rising work experiences, however, this can happen through actively involving in personal feedback processes. The Johari window is applicable in different forms of communication. The employer can engage the employees in verbal communication to inquire the levels of competency (Burchill, 2008). The window can be used for assertive perceptions diversely by the employees. Individuals can engage themselves in non-verbal communication while analyzing the merit advancements in the Open area. Moreover, the employees can actively listen to the managers in performance evolution while using the window. The diagnostic communication tool requires development and enhancement within business environment. The performance of an employee may possibly depend on the diagnostic communication tool of the senior. Ideal choice of the diagnostic communication tool liberates the employee and subsequently, better results of the business organization. Action plan Action plan is a set of practical processes and activities that assist in developing and enhancing areas of weakness. In relation to the study case, effective communication may require set of actions to supplement the weaker areas of communication in business arena. The action plan is vital since it facilitates better relationship in business environment. Firstly, the organization should organize short courses for the entire staff to enhance development in the communication styles and the mode of determining diagnostic tool of communication (Armstrong, 2012). The courses may rub for a range of three to six months. The definite courses may include communication skills and conflict resolution. Moreover, the business firm may identify a role model or mentor to coach the staff. It may do so by organizing periodical seminars and trainings. Mentors are set examples of icons who guide the employees on appropriate choice of communication styles and preferred modes of determining diagnostic tools of communication (Baldwin, 2006). Furthermore, the role models can elaborate specific set of actions that are applicable in all business communication instances. The employees can further enhance and develop the styles of communication and modes of determining diagnostic tools by taking advanced post graduate communication courses in renowned institutions. The advancement of the courses further imparts the staff on better ways of developing the key areas of weakness (Akar Topcu, 2011). The courses should be definite in timeline. The measure of the success of the highlighted areas should be the noticeable improvement in the key areas. The styles of communication and the modes as to the choice of diagnostic tools can be development through reading journals. The journals should be rich in information regarding communication skills. Periodic analysis of the journal will be a gradual solution to the key issues of communication. The journals should be related to the development of basic communication in business organizations (Burchill, 2008). Eventually, there be recognizable change in the styles of communication and the modes as to the choice of diagnostic tools. Furthermore, the maintenance of journals that entail the development of communication skills extracts can boost the communication areas of weakness. The journals will be a reminder of the skills required in certain cases of business communication. Again, the journals are encouraging tool to develop the areas of weakness (Webster et al 2008). Therefore, with a set personal timeline, the use of the journals can greatly improve, enhance and develop individual communication skills. Conclusions Finally, reading plans play a major role in the development and improvement of the communication skills. Mostly, plans contain texts of communication. Routine that calls for reading plans will significantly improve individuals communication skills. Also, plans are mostly written individuals well in communication skills and relations, therefore, a move to periodically read the plans will highly develop the communication skills. Moreover, the reading of self-help books enriches persons in communication skills. The action plan is essential in developing the communication styles and the mode of determining the choice to diagnostic tool of communication. References Akar, E Topcu, B. (2011). An Examination of the Factors Influencing Consumers Attitudes towards Social Media Marketing, Journal of Internet Commerce, vol.10, no.1, pp. 35-67. Armstrong, M. (2012). Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. London: Kogan Page Baldwin, S. (2006). Organisational Justice. Brighton: Institute of Employment Studies Bratton, J Gold, J. (2012). Human Resource Management: Employee Motivation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Burchill, F. (2008). Labour Relation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Dundon, T Rollinson, D. (2011). Understanding Employment Relations, Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill, Kotler, P Keller, K. (2006). Marketing Management. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prosek, J. (2011). Army of Entrepreneurs. Create an Engaged and Empowered Workforce for Exceptional Business. York: AMACOM. Rose, E. (2008). Employment Relations, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Webster, E, Lambert, R Beziudenhout, A. (2008). Grounding Globalisation,Labour in the Age of Insecurity. New Jersey.Wiley-Blackwell,

The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberrry Finn Essay Example For Students

The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberrry Finn Essay In recent times there has been a considerable amount of media attention surrounding the movement of the youth culture. The topic of teenagers growing up in a violent and consumerist culture has been a hot topic as there has been growing concern over the adult issues that teenagers are forced to deal with in today s society. Generation after generation there has been a division between the rebellious nature of the youth and the adult world. The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberrry Finn although written in two different eras attempt to capture the essence of youth and explores the central theme of the journey of the adolescent into adulthood. The two central figures of the novels Holden Caulfeld and Huck Finn reflect this central theme through the realities of the contrasting world s they have created and the experiences they encounter. The two novels take place in different eras, Catcher in the Rye tells the story of Holden exploring the modern New York society made up of different social classes and people from every walk of life. We will write a custom essay on The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberrry Finn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Huck Finn explores the world of the Mississippi river in the 1800 s during a time of slavery and also in the midst of the industrial revolution. Both these characters deal with two contrasting worlds on one hand a world filled with materialism, phoniness and urbanization and on the other hand a rural world that is not yet urbanized however has the elements of corruption that are taking form in the midst of modernization. Holden confronts characters that are a product of a modern city such as pimps, hookers, actors and overall a collection of phony people who thrive on worldly possessions and materialism. Huck Finn however deals with different characters who do not share qualities of urban intelligence but show a more natural form of human evil that is not influenced by the wickedness of the city. These characters are a representation of the kinds of people that were the reality of the Mississippi in those times. Holden and Huck deal with adult worlds from different times and different societies and therefor the view each character has towards life differ. However with the different social realities of the two figures they still struggle to understand the adult worlds they observe. Both characters in the midst of a modern and a rural society still encounter corruption, hypocrisy and a world that generally still has faults and evils lurking beneath the people who surround them. Holden is necessarily one of the modern American descendants of Huck Finn, as once said by a critic. Both characters depict the adolescent youth for their generations and eras however both characters are different in their attitudes towards life and the world. Holden is a 16 year old boy that has a contempt for the phony world that encompasses him. His contempt is a result of his cynical view towards everyone and everything he observes and encounters in his experiences. Huck on the other hand is more innocent and childlike as he is warm hearted and in search of adventure. Holden holds the view that everyone in society is phony and protests anything related to phoniness. He hates television, movies, actors and Hollywood as they all represent a phony society. He goes on to comment on Hamlet as a, sad, screwed up guy who should be portrayed that way and not as a goddamn general. This indicates Holden s cynicism and his contempt for phoniness. Huck does not make observations or any criticisms on the corruption of the society around him other than the fact that he says he can not understand much of the ill treatment and behaviour of many individuals. Instead of criticizing or judging the people around him he seeks to create justice in a world of injustice. He sets out to do this by helping his pal Jim a black runaway slave reach his destination of freedom. Huck is too young to understand as much of the world as Holden does and does not have any concrete opinions on the reality that surrounds him. .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .postImageUrl , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:hover , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:visited , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:active { border:0!important; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:active , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Love Song EssayThis is the reason for his innocence and naivete. Holden and Huck both resist to be affected and influenced by the adult world s around them. Holden with his negative attitude and anti-social behaviour refuses to conform with the rest of society. He sets himself apart from the mass of the population criticizng the world for all their faults. He is at the age where he must mature and make the transition into adulthood however he struggles with the hopelessness of the hypocritical world and cannot bring himself to materialize into a man. Huck is a few years younger than Holden and is not yet at the stage where he must make the transition into adulthood however it is first time being exposed to a world beyond his reality and sees the adult world for the first time. He stays youthful with a sense of charm and adventure and combats the adult thieves and hoodlums of the world in the 1800 s. Holden and Huck are also symbols of the all American youth. They are rebellious as they will not listen to any authority figures like parents, teachers and the social norms that are presented upon them. Holden is kicked out of school and Huck is willing to help a black slave in times of great racial barriers. Holden and Huck represent youth and seek to be the saviours of youth. Holden with his wish to be the Catcher in the Rye represents his wish to save or catch children before they make the leap into adulthood. And Huck preserves the greatness of youth from his attempts to be go against the adult world that would condemn for befriending a black slave. This shows the innocence and greatness of youth culture who speaks out against the politics and injustice of the adult world. Huck Finn and Catcher in the Rye are both novels that have been voices for their generations speaking out against the adult worlds of their times. These books also reflect the world in which we live in today where the increasing pressures of the world are making it difficult for young people to realise the greatness of youth. Holden Caulfeld and Huck Finn are truly good examples of the American youth misunderstood by American society and act as good examples to teenagers whom they may be able to identify with.

Training Session Report for Expatriates

Training Session Report for Expatriates Currently, a great number of people from the United States, Australia or the UK live and work in China. The main problem, which they encounter, is cultural and linguistic barriers. Poor knowledge of the Chinese language and culture often leads to misunderstanding or even conflicts. This training session aims to prepare expatriates for possible difficulties, which they may face, while living in this country. In particular, we need to focus on different behavior patterns, dress code, business culture, etiquette etc.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Training Session Report for Expatriates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First of all, foreigner, working in China, must stay in touch with their friends and relatives. This will prevent them from feeling lonely and home-sick. Yet, at the same time they must bear in mind that they must not avoid communication with local people. One should not become withdrawn, as this will o nly contribute to a sense of alienation. This person has to establish as many contacts as possible. This is the key step on his/her path to success. Apart from that, employees ought to be well-acquainted with the city, where they intend to live. They need to know about transportation, places of interests, its history, and so forth. For instance, when speaking about Beijing, an expatriate should remember that it is one of the most densely-populated cities in the world and transportation is a really challenging problem. This is why one has to know about the functioning of Beijing Subway, ring roads, railway stations, expressways, highways etc. This knowledge will be of great value to expatriates, who may need to travel across the city or even across the country. The third issue that has to be addressed during training sessions is cultural values and etiquette, and dress code. For instance, one has to be well-aware of the fact that Chinese people are more inclined to think by means of analogies, metaphors and story-telling (Street Matelski, 2008, p 151). This peculiarity often slows down the process of communication between local inhabitants and foreigners. Secondly, during these training sessions, we need to etiquette, because the Chinese pay much more attention to formalities than Americans or Australians (Bucknall, 2002, p 61). This knowledge will enable us them reduce the effects of culture shock to a minimum. Expatriates must not be afraid of making mistakes during intercultural communication as they are practically inevitable. The biggest mistake lies in avoiding this communication. Unwillingness to communicate with the Chinese partners is one of the reasons why many expatriates feel home-sick.Advertising Looking for report on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, the employees, who are going to live in China for a considerable amount of time, must acquire at least the smattering of the Chinese language. In this case, we must concentrate on various speech situations such as introductions, greetings, thanking people, asking for apology and so forth. Of course, such knowledge of Chinese is only superficial; however, it will indicate that a foreigner genuinely tries to integrate himself into a new culture or society. Certainly, at the beginning a foreigner will require the services of a translator; nevertheless, he/she has to work on his Chinese language proficiency in order to achieve success in this country. On the whole, during these training sessions, an employee has to learn about similarities and distinction existing between two cultures. This will help him/her avoid many potential problems. The most important thing is to overcome the feeling of anxiety which is so common among Australian expatriates. Reference List Bucknall K. 2002. Chinese Business Etiquette and Culture. NY: CM Online Media, Inc. Street. N. L. Matelski M. 2008. American bus inesses in China: balancing culture and communication. NY: McFarland.

Individual project 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual project 3 - Essay Example There are two types of Currency Markets; Spot Market is basically a market where immediate transactions take place. Once the transactions are made, they are recorded by the 2nd business day. The main participants by market include brokers commercial banks customers of commercial and central banks Sources of spot quotations come from all major newspapers and major currencies that use different quotes. The spot market has varying prices depending on the number of days from say 30-day through 60-day to 180-day. The spot market recognizes the customers even when making quotations. The costs of Transactions Costs will depend on the market trends as well as a bid-spread basis. This helps us to formulate the spot as well as forward exchange rates. The bid represents the price or cost at which the bidder (mostly bank) is willing to buy while the ask equals to the price at which the bidder will sell the currency bought. The other type of currency market is the forward Market. In this form of currency market, transactions take place only at a specified future date or time. It is characterized by ; arbitrageurs traders hedgers speculators The forward market forms’ main aim is to among other things reduce the cost of trading and provide liquidity. It also serves to threaten people mainly traders of oligopoly of information. This form of currency market is more popular that the former as it boasts of a large market size. For instance, the market a trend in a research done annually in 1995 and that on a daily basis in some major cities is as below. 1995: $1.2 trillion dailyMarket Centers (1995) London =$464 billion New York= $244 billion Tokyo = $161 billion In order to effectively handle the assignment, I have broken it down as below so that it is easier to follow through. To calculate the spot and 12-month forward exchange rates we will first to calculate the PS for both German and China currencies. USA German Revenues forecast =$500 million operations=â‚ ¬100 mi llion Operations=$300million ROS= 12% ROS= 10%= net income China Operations=650 million yuan ROS= 8% This can be done by following a formula given below. 1. 10% of $300=$30 PS= {ask-bid}/ask*100 PS= ({$300-$30}/$300)*100 = $90miliion 2. 12% of â‚ ¬100= â‚ ¬12 PS= {ask-bid}/ask*100 PS= ({â‚ ¬100-â‚ ¬12}/â‚ ¬100)*100 =â‚ ¬88million 3. 8% 650 million yuan= 52 million yuan PS= {ask-bid}/ask*100 = {650-52/650}*100 =92 million yuan The forward exchange rate for German will be 90/88 or $1.0227. Whereas, the forward exchange rate for China will be 90/92 or $0.978. Repatriation can be termed as the process of changing a foreign currency into that of an owner’s country. This is usually dependent on the exchange rate between the two currencies caused by disparities between the economies of scale. A good example would be a South African converting American pound back into South African rand so that they are able to use it. While exchanging the money, the trader will be exposed to something called foreign exchange risk. This is when the trader decides to engage in a foreign exchange swap. In a spot transaction, the condition is that of a bid-ask condition. Therefore, depending on how much the bidder (bank) is willing to offer and how much it will sell then the trader will decide whether to be involved in the transaction. So for instance if the bank is in need of the currency, the trader might actually make a profit out of it(Sellon, 1998, 147-177). In the outright forward repatriation,

Microsoft Visio Case Tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microsoft Visio Case Tool - Essay Example Microsoft Visio’s interface is user-friendly by virtue of its numerous semblances to other Microsoft programs. As such, usual computer operators will find it easier to interact with and generate the finest drawing outcomes. For members of the team who are starters in this class of applications, the visual style is highly revealing, giving it greater intuitive qualities that anybody in the team can utilize to generate the best outcomes. Parker (2013) suggested that the ability of the program to automatically check the user’s diagrams and correct glaring mistakes on the projects is one of its iconic benefits that complement human skills and creativity to generate high-quality graphic deliverables for the software development team. Still, the Office utility enables users to insert hyperlinks to other more complex flowcharts that cannot be collated together in a single page. This feature improves the programs interactive nature with external sources of information. Wright and Roth (2013) added that by enabling the users to customize the way they route their primary ideas and include one’s own tasks made on Microsoft Visual Basic Express, each member of the software development teams will easily execute their tasks as spelt out in the work breakdown structure and compare notes on best they can carry out the process in a more seamless manner. Alternatives to the Office utility Gantt Chart is an alternative to MS Visio, considering that the both programs have comparable deliverables.

Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review - Article Example The concept of fetal tissue transplant has been one of the most controversial aspects in recent medical research. The very fact that the tissue comes from aborted fetus has raised myriad questions especially amongst bioethical campaigners who feel it is certainly inappropriate to use aborted fetus as a panacea in a medical situation. Well, considering such arguments, it is imperative to realise that upon successful confirmation and development of fetal tissue transplant, it would really create the need to provide the fetal tissues in abundant supplies in order to address the growing demand. That would create a dilemma in the medical fraternity. Conventional ethics basically fails to concur with such a proposition. The situation becomes more intricate given that no consent is obtained from anybody when the fetus is used in the treatment. The greatest challenge that confronts the medical fraternity in the present age is the unavailability of other options with regard to the treatment of Parkinson disease. Sure enough, as a challenge to humanity, the disease needs to be addressed. In the United States, the issue had become so publicised to the extent that the president was forced to intervene and give a national broadcast with reference to the whole research undertaking. The common argument on ethical grounds regards the fact that the research will accelerate and encourage unnecessary abortions in the face of the growing need to treat patients through fetal tissue transplant. On the same account, bioethical researchers argue that a woman who accepts to conduct an abortion cannot authorise the use of the fetal tissues in the medical treatment because she will have abdicated her parental responsibility in the first place. Sure enough, that point holds water given the challenges that are likely to be realised with women conducing abortions in order to

The brander-krugman model

The brander-krugman model Extended Essay 1 The Brander-Krugman model, also known as the reciprocal dumping model, explains the possibility of international trade in a homogenous good. In doing so, it raises an interesting issue: is this apparently pointless trade socially beneficial? Meanwhile, Corden developed a more realistic customs union (CU) theory compared to orthodox theory by relaxing the assumption of constant marginal costs (MC). While the framework of these two models are similar, their conclusions are very different, the reasons for which are discussed further below. a) Both models are set in a partial equilibrium framework; the prices of all substitutes and complements of the good in question are assumed to be constant, as are the income levels of consumers, allowing for an easier analysis of welfare gains from the formation of the customs union (CU). Within this framework, there is a single producer in each of the CU countries that produces a homogenous good. The other similarity between the two models is that the tariffs set and faced by both countries (Home (H) and Partner (P)) before CU formation are equal .Thus, when the union is created a Common External Tariff (CET) already exists. Corden develops his model in further stages to include made-to-measure tariffs so that the CET has to be set upon CU formation. It is assumed that this will be set lower than the original tariffs that were imposed. The countries forming a CU in Cordens model are small relative to the rest of the world (R), implying that its formation will have no effect on world prices. In the Brander-Krugman model, all three countries (R is represented as one country) are identical in size. Symmetry is assumed between the firms in the Brander-Krugman model therefore the firms in each of the countries face the same constant marginal cost and domestic demand functions, contrary to Corden. Corden relaxes the assumption of constant marginal costs (MC) that is held in orthodox customs union theory, and assumes instead that the firms benefit from internal economies of scale and thus face declining marginal and average cost (AC) curves. Figure 1 shows that the minimum point of the firms AC curves is above the price paid for imports (pm). Hence a tariff is necessary to protect domestic production, which is set at T- pm and prevents R from importing to H and P. The domestic price being equal to the firms AC, they operate at a normal profit. The price received for exports (px) is assumed to be lower than pm as H and P also face tariffs. Therefore, their AC is greater than px and so they cannot export their goods either. Thus, unlike in the Brander-Krugman model, there is no international trade prior to CU formation. The main characteristic of the Brander-Krugman model is that the firms display Cournot behaviour the firms make decisions about their own output levels to maximise their profits assuming that the output levels of the other producers will not change[1]. This is not necessarily the case in Cordens model. b) The existence of internal economies of scale in Corden means that efficiency and welfare gains could be increased if a single firm increases its output and captures both markets following CU formation. This, along with the assumption that the firms face different cost functions, leads to the conclusion that the firm with the higher AC will exit the market and import the good from the firm that can produce it at a lower cost (this essay will assume that the partner firm exits the market). The assumption that the partner firm operated at a normal profit pre-CU indicates that there will be no loss of producer surplus and no welfare loss in P as it exits the market. Conversely, the symmetry between the firms in Cournot means that neither firm in the CU has a cost advantage over the other. Thus, both the home and partner countries benefit from CU formation by increasing trade with each other, resulting in an increase in output for both firms (Appendix, equation (1)). Although H and P have increased their overall output, the quantity they supply in each of their domestic markets decreases (equation 2). Although there is an overall gain in welfare in both models as a result of CU formation, the source of these gains differ. Both the home and partner countries experience a welfare gain from CU formation in Cournot given the symmetry, whereas only the home country benefits in Corden as the partner firm exits the market. In Cournot, the price falls in the markets (equation 3) and thus the welfare gain is largely reflected by an increase in consumer surplus (equation 4) in both the home and partner markets. The countries also lose welfare through a fall in tariff revenue (equation 5) and the firms profits may rise or fall depending on the elasticity of the aggregate demand in the CU (equation 6). However, Hs overall welfare gain is shown to be always positive (equation 7). In Corden, the assumption that the home and partner countries are small compared to the rest of the world implies that the CU firms are not large enough to compete with the outside firm and therefore the CU formation will not affect world prices. This, along with the assumption that the remaining firm within the CU maximises his profit by charging right up to the import-preventing price, which is the world price plus the CET, means that the price will remain unchanged. Thus, the increased welfare is due to an increase in the remaining firms producer surplus (figure 1, a+ß) as the fall in average cost (to J, figure 1) is not passed onto consumers. However, if made-to-measure tariffs are assumed and the CET is lower than both the initial tariffs, a price reduction will be induced in both countries and some of the welfare gain will be passed onto consumers. The symmetry in Cournot and differentiation in Corden also lead to different conclusions with respect to the impact on the rest of the world. In Corden, the CU formation does not affect Rs welfare under the assumption that there was no international trade pre-CU and there is still none post-CU. In Cournot, the fall in Rs output (equation 8) and the price drop in H and P impact negatively on the R firms profits (equation 9). As consumption and imports in R remain unchanged, Rs welfare is reduced. The main assumptions that lead to the different conclusions are those of symmetrical costs in Cournot and differentiation in Corden. This affects how the welfare gains are divided amongst the countries as well as how they are split between the producers and consumers. c) In discussing the appropriateness of the models to the EU situation, the relevance of the assumptions and the predicted results, and how the causes of these results compare with reality need to be considered. There are many studies that analyse how EU integration has affected trade flows in terms of trade creation and trade diversion. Trade creation is defined as intra-EU imports replacing domestic production; trade diversion as EU imports replacing imports from the rest of the world. By 1992, bilateral trade between any two EC countries was 65% higher than if the EC had not existed, supporting both models predictions that trade between the home and partner countries increases.[2] Over the period from 1959/60 to 1977, which includes both stages of integration for the EC and EFTA countries, annual trade creation was estimated at $20-31 billion and trade diversion at $5-8 billion.[3] This affirms the Cournot prediction that the partner firm would increase its imports to the home country at the expense of both domestic production and imports from the rest of the world. A study by the Single Market Review on the impact of the Single Market Programme (SMP) on trade creation and trade diversion gives a detailed insight into the relevance of the Corden and Cournot models to the EU situation.[4] Its data and analysis focuses on industries within the manufacturing sector, particularly the 15 industries that were likely to be particularly sensitive to the SMP.[5] Although there are some industries close to perfect competition with a concentration ratio of 0.00 or 0.01 such as clothing and boiler making most industries within the EU are relatively oligopolistic according to their average concentration ratios. The assumption of perfect information is unlikely to hold true. In many economic theories where this is assumed, it is highly unrealistic, especially with regards to the reactions of a firms competitors to the union formation. While Cournot assumes that firms face a constant MC, a 50% reduction in output from the minimum efficient scale of output led to an increase in AC, and therefore MC, in all the industries analysed, thus indicating the presence of economies of scale. The assumption that all firms display Cournot behaviour does not always hold in the context of the EU. Through a comparison of the changes in the price-cost margins and in the home firms market share in the domestic industry, it is evident that industries reacted in two very different ways. One group, including office machines and pharmaceutical products, experienced large cuts in their price-cost margins and a relatively small change in their market share, while the opposite is the case for the other group. It appears that the first group decided to reduce its prices instead of losing market share, implying that some firms do not compete on output but on price. However, the effect of changes in competitive behaviour by firms on market shares was extremely small for most industries and countries, though it was usually more important in the smaller EU countries.[6] Thus, changes in firms behaviour are relatively insignificant in affecting market shares, compared to other factors. The assumption of symmetrical firms is, again, an unrealistic one. Given that the country sizes within the EU are very different, it is highly likely that firms across the EU faced different market sizes and domestic demand functions before integration, and as a result, they are unlikely to be the same size or have the same cost functions. In terms of the impact of the CU formation on the industries, most of the results predicted in Cournot hold true from 1900-94, the period examined in this SMR report. The price-cost margins in the 15 sensitive industries fell by an average of 3.9%, while they fell by 3.6% in the manufacturing sector as a whole. The extent of this drop in each industry depends on the behaviour of the firms. The impact of the SMP on the respective market shares in the manufacturing sector as a whole is negative for the home industries, and positive for both the EU and the rest of the worlds market shares in the home country. Cournots model correctly predicted that the home firm would sell more while the partner firm would sell less in the home market. However, it predicts that the rest of the worlds share of the home market would fall. The SMR carried out two ex-post simulations; one with no direct external trade effects and one with. All of Cournots predictions regarding changes in the market shares hold true for the former simulation. However, the latter simulation is more accurate in reflecting the actual changes in market shares that were experienced over this integration period. This implies that the Cournot model does not take into account the increasing liberalisation of external trade over this period that also led to a reduction in extra-EU trade costs, either as a result of the CU formation or due to increasing globalisation. In terms of welfare, the changes support Cournots prediction that welfare increased in both H and P. The change in welfare measured as a percentage of GDP was greater than the percentage change in GDP in each of the EU countries analysed. The main goal of creating the single market in the EU was to increase its competitiveness with respect to large economies such as the USA through economies of scale. This implies that Cordens model should offer a more accurate picture of the EU. However, certain assumptions do not reflect the EUs characteristics. The assumption that the CU-forming countries are small may hold true for some of the EU countries; however, the implication of this that the customs union will be unable to affect world prices may not hold. Given the size of the EU, it is large enough to compete with the large economies such as the USA and Japan. Cordens predictions regarding changes in price and market shares are not appropriate to the EU situation, due to the strong assumptions that there was no international trade prior to the formation and thus no trade with the rest of the world after. Also, with the partner firm exiting the market, it is assumed that there is no increase in competition following CU formation, thus no change in the prices. However, there is evidence supporting the main conclusion of this model that the welfare gain is a result of restructuring, which leads to increasingly concentrated industries as firms can benefit from economies of scale as the size of the market that they have access to increases. Between 1987 and 1993, the four-firm concentration ratio increased by 2.3% across 71 industries in the EU.[7] This was partly due to increased restructuring; between 1987 and 1990, the percentage of MAs involving countries from two different member states jumped from 9.6% to 21.5% in anticipation of the Single Market. This replaced MAs within country borders which fell from 71.6% to 60.7% over the same period.[8] While it is true that EU industry concentration has increased, this is cannot be attributed solely to an expansion in the market size. Many industries already operated internationally in the 1980s and hence, a market size expansion would not have had as big an impact on the concentration level. The single market also led to a reduction in non-tariff barriers (especially barriers to entry) between EU member states, through public procurement liberalisation, increased ease of cross-border knowledge transfer and the free movement of capital. Cordens comparative static model fails to take into account the dynamic effects of EU integration. The aim of the SMP was much more ambitious than a mere elimination of the tariff barriers and thus both theories, which focus on the effects of a CU, are too simplistic to be wholly appropriate. Certain aspects of both models are comparable to the EU situation. However, Cordens model seems to be more suitable; while Cournots results regarding changes in the prices and respective market share were more accurate, Cordens underlying characteristics are much more appropriate to the current EU situation. 1 Friedman, James (1983), Oligopoly Theory, Cambridge University Press Frankel (1997) (Ali El-Agraa P175) Kreinin (1979b) (Ali El-Agraa P175 European Commission/CEPR (1997) Trade Creation and Trade Diversion, Subseries IV/ volume 3 of The Single Market Review Buigues, Ilzkovitz and Lebrun (1990) EC/CEPR, 1997, Trade creation and trade diversion Subseries V, Volume 4, Economies of Scale AMDATA in European Economy (1999)

Understanding Computer Networks Essay -- Research Papers

Understanding Computer Networks Each day, students and faculty at State University sit down in front of a PC or UNIX workstation and eagerly check their electronic mail, surf the World Wide Web, or run applications such as word processors and analysis packages. To most users, the magical wire which carries all of this information is nothing more than an electrical construct; two pair of wires twisted together and crimped at the end with phone connectors. Our world today is built on networking in every field from cable television to telephone systems, yet many engineers, old and young alike, have no idea what constructs enable them to communicate seamlessly across the globe. Computer technology is constantly evolving. Fifteen years ago, computers were connected via simple serial interfaces communicating at 9600 bits per second. Today, workstations pump out data at rates in excess of 100,000,000 bits per second, and the road to improvement seems endless. The networking industry is filled with jargon which make it difficult to understand. While the concept of networking is not difficult to grasp, it is often difficult to fully explain. This text will enable the reader to understand the basic hardware that allows a computer network to function. Computer networks consist of five major components. Two of these components are probably familiar to you: the workstation and the network server. When you sit down at a networked computer, the first thing you do is type in your name and a password. This process allows the computer to recognize you, and verify you are who you say you are by means of a password. When the login process is complete, you are connected to a network server; a device that simultaneously manages the disk space and... ...until it finds its final destination. And of course, traffic on the same floor wonÕt be forwarded by the router, since it was already sent to every port on that floor by the switch or repeater. Repeaters, switches, and routers form the basis of computer networks as we know them today. These devices provide connectivity which spans from the desktop to the global internet and back again. The networking industry is growing at an exponential rate, and there are constant challenges to make these devices faster, cheaper, and better. The knowledge presented here is just the tip of a gigantic iceberg with many opportunities for those interested, including opportunities in circuit design, network administration, systems consulting, and more. As networking grows to encompass every aspect of our lives, so will the value of people who know what networking is and how it works. Understanding Computer Networks Essay -- Research Papers Understanding Computer Networks Each day, students and faculty at State University sit down in front of a PC or UNIX workstation and eagerly check their electronic mail, surf the World Wide Web, or run applications such as word processors and analysis packages. To most users, the magical wire which carries all of this information is nothing more than an electrical construct; two pair of wires twisted together and crimped at the end with phone connectors. Our world today is built on networking in every field from cable television to telephone systems, yet many engineers, old and young alike, have no idea what constructs enable them to communicate seamlessly across the globe. Computer technology is constantly evolving. Fifteen years ago, computers were connected via simple serial interfaces communicating at 9600 bits per second. Today, workstations pump out data at rates in excess of 100,000,000 bits per second, and the road to improvement seems endless. The networking industry is filled with jargon which make it difficult to understand. While the concept of networking is not difficult to grasp, it is often difficult to fully explain. This text will enable the reader to understand the basic hardware that allows a computer network to function. Computer networks consist of five major components. Two of these components are probably familiar to you: the workstation and the network server. When you sit down at a networked computer, the first thing you do is type in your name and a password. This process allows the computer to recognize you, and verify you are who you say you are by means of a password. When the login process is complete, you are connected to a network server; a device that simultaneously manages the disk space and... ...until it finds its final destination. And of course, traffic on the same floor wonÕt be forwarded by the router, since it was already sent to every port on that floor by the switch or repeater. Repeaters, switches, and routers form the basis of computer networks as we know them today. These devices provide connectivity which spans from the desktop to the global internet and back again. The networking industry is growing at an exponential rate, and there are constant challenges to make these devices faster, cheaper, and better. The knowledge presented here is just the tip of a gigantic iceberg with many opportunities for those interested, including opportunities in circuit design, network administration, systems consulting, and more. As networking grows to encompass every aspect of our lives, so will the value of people who know what networking is and how it works.

Evolution of Financial Management Essay

The Traditional Phase:This phase has lasted for about four decades. Its finest expression was shown in the scholarly work of Arthur S. Dewing, in his book tilted the Financial Policy of Corporation in 1920s. In this phase the focus of financial management was on four selected aspects. It treats the entire subject of finance from the outsider’s point of view (investment banks, lenders, other) rather than the financial decision maker in the firm. It places much importance of corporation finance and too little on the financing problems of non-corporate enterprises. The sequence of treatment was on certain episodic events like formation, issuance of capital, major expansion, merger, reorganization and liquidation during the life cycle of an enterprise. It laid heavy emphasis on long-term financing, institutions, instruments, procedures used in capital markets and legal aspects of financial events. That is, it lacks emphasis on the problems of working capital management. It was criticized throughout the period of its dominance, but the criticism is based on matters of treatment and emphasis. Traditional phase was only outsiders looking approach, over emphasis on episodic events and lack of importance to day-to-day problems. The Transition Phase: It began in the early 1940’s and continued through the early 1950’s. The nature of financial management in this phase is almost similar to that of the earlier phase, but more emphasis is given to the day-to-day (working capital) problems faced by the finance managers. Capital budgeting techniques were developed in this phase. Much more details of this phase is given in the book titled Essays on Business Finance. The Modem Phase: It began in the mid 1950’s and has shown commendable development with combination of ideas from economic and statistics has led the financial management to be more analytical and quantitative. The main issue of this phase is rational matching of funds to their uses, which leads to the maximization of shareholders’ wealth. This phase witnessed significant developments. The area of advancement was – capital structure. The study says the cost of capital and capital structure is independent in nature. Dividend policy, suggests that there is the effect of dividend policy on the value of the firm. This phase has also seen one of the first applications of linear programming. For estimation of opportunity cost of funds, multiple rates of return-gives way to calculate multiple rates of a project. Investment decision under conditions of uncertainty gives the formula for determination of expected cash inflows and variance of net present value of project and also defined how probabilistic information helps the firm to optimize investment decisions involving risk. Portfolio analysis gives the idea for the allocation of a fixed sum of money among the available investment securities. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), suggests that some of the risks in investments can be neutralized by holding a diversified portfolio of securities. Arbitrage Pricing Model (APM), argued that the expected return must be related to risk in such a way, that no single investor could create unlimited wealth through arbitrage. CAPM is still widely used in the real world, but APM is slowly gaining momentum. The Agency theory emphasizes the role of financial contracts in creating and controlling agency problems. Option Pricing Theory (OPT), applied Martingale pricing principle to the pricing of real estates. The cash management of models (working capital management) by Baumol Model, Miller and Orglers, Baumol models helps to determine optimum cash conversion size; Miller model reorder points and upper control points and Orglers model helps to determine optimal cash management strategy by adoption of linear programming application. Further new means of raising finance with the introduction of new capital market instruments, such as Pads, Fads, PSBs and Caps, etc. Financial engineering that involves the design, development and the implementation of innovative financial instruments, and formulation of creative optional solutions to problems in finance. Even though, the above mentioned developed areas of finance is remarkable, but understanding the international dimension of corporate finance formed a very small part of it, which is not sufficient in this era of globalization.

Lady Audley essays

Lady Audley essays Phoebe Marks inferiority is complex Phoebe Marks identity is masked by being inferior to both Lady Audley and Luke Marks in the Mary Elizabeth Bradden novel Lady Audleys Secret. This inferiority not only lessens Phoebes femininity but also forces her into a subdivision of gender she is incapable of owning. Why didnt the privileges that existed for Lady Audley exist for Phoebe? Phoebe is afraid of Luke, and terrified of refusing his hand in marriage therefore robbing her of the feminine duty or privilege to marry well. Is it a coincidence that Phoebe is treated better as a maid at Audley Court than Luke Marks wife? Throughout the novel, Phoebe is referred to as a maid or servant of Lady Audley and the wife of Luke Marks or the inn keepers wife (311). She is never characterized on her own circumstance, but on the circumstance of others. In other words, she is never able to do what she wants as a person or as a woman, instead she has to take orders from people who do not see her as the effeminate woman she could be. For example, she is forced into marrying Luke because she is afraid that if she does not marry him, he will be very violent toward her. On page 107, Phoebe explains Luke as a child ...he was always violent and revengeful. I saw him once take up that very knife in a quarrel with his mother. I tell you, my lady, I must marry him. Since she is afraid of Luke, she is robbed of the feminine privilege to marry for love (or Lady Audleys this case-money). Again on page 107, Phoebe declares that she does not love Luke: I dont think I can love him. We have been together from children, and I promised, when I was little better than fifteen, that Id be his wife. I darent break that promise now...I darent refuse to marry him. Ive often watched and watched him, as he has sat slicing away at a hedge-stake with his great...

The Long History of the Rain Gauge

The Long History of the Rain Gauge One source has is that the son of King Sejong the Great, who reigned the Choson Dynasty from 1418 to 145, invented the first rain gauge. King Sejong sought ways to improve agricultural technology to provide his subjects with adequate food and clothing. In improving agricultural technology, Sejong contributed to the sciences of astronomy and meteorology (weather). He invented a calendar for the Korean people and ordered the development of accurate clocks. Droughts plagued the kingdom and King Sejong directed every village to measure the amount of rainfall. His son, the crown prince, later called King Munjong, invented a rain gauge while measuring rainfall at the palace. Munjong decided that instead of digging into the earth to check rain levels, it would be better to use a standardized container. King Sejong sent a rain gauge to every village, and they were used as an official tool to measure the farmers potential harvest. Sejong also used these measurements to determine what the farmers land taxes should be. The rain gauge was invented in the fourth month of 1441. The invention of the rain gauge in Korea came two hundred years before inventor Christopher Wren created a rain gauge (tipping bucket rain gauge circa 1662) in Europe. Rainmakers Born in Fort Scott, Kansas, in 1875, Hatfield claimed to have been a student of meteorology for 7 years, during which time he discovered that by sending a secret combination of chemicals into the air clouds could be produced in large enough quantities that rain was sure to follow. On March 15, 1950, New York City hired Dr. Wallace E Howell as the citys official rainmaker.

President Nelson Mandela was seen by people from various political, Research Paper

President Nelson Mandela was seen by people from various political, economic, social, religious, cultural, ethnic and racial bac - Research Paper Example The legislation led to the fleeing of Africans from the rural areas where they owned farms to the towns to find jobs1. Nelson Mandela a black leader of ANC led to the end of the oppression and discrimination of the black, the colored people, and Indians in 1994. Mandela became the president of South Africa under the party in the same year, and since then, ANC has ruled the country up to date (Mandela, Van, and Bouma 30)2. Background Nelson Mandela led the black people in the country to opposing apartheid from 1948 to 1994 when he was sworn in as the head of state. Mandela became a leader of ANC in 1948 when the government introduced the segregation of the citizens based on race and color. The racial classes that the Afrikaner government included whites, blacks, colored, and Indians. The colored people were the non-white and non-Indian such as the Italians (Claasens and Cousins 67). The whites were considered respectable and greater than all other races3. Mandela and other members of ANC struggled to negotiate with the government to end racial discrimination and oppression. The oppression that the black people underwent included serving the Dutch at low or no cost, being hindered from accessing education, and being blocked from leadership positions (Muiui 79). Mandela underwent several imprisonments as an ANC leader with the last one ending in 1990. The leader’s defeat of apartheid in South Afric

Marketing plan for dove skin-care products for men Essay

Marketing plan for dove skin-care products for men - Essay Example This is one of the most important parts of marketing – availability of information about products and people. The first information need that a marketer must meet is consumer orientation. We have to identify the target market, which in this case is the male population, aged 15-34-year-olds. This is a growing segment of users of facial skincare products. Skin care products, like moisturizers and deep-cleaning facewash, are products that should be built up through the marketing mix. More information of these products has to be analysed and enhanced as the information from the market segment becomes rich and valuable. A market analysis for introducing a new kind of product which, according to Mintel, is a need product for 15-34-year-olds of the UK male population, has to be done with several factors to be taken into consideration. It is not only the customers and their needs that we need to understand. We also have to take into consideration the organisation’s capabilities , and this includes our competitors’ capabilities, how the customers’ will respond or react to the product, the organisation’s economic needs, the technological aspects, and other important elements in the supply chain. If we have to anticipate customers’ needs and wants, we must have a thorough understanding of consumer behaviour. This part of marketing is complicated but it can be done through research and surveys. The needs and motivations of the male population, the 15-24 and the 15-34 demographics, can be accomplished through online surveys. Surveys can also be done by hiring an independent firm who knows the mechanics of surveying potential customers and their needs. The company needs marketing insight. Marketing insight is also known as â€Å"voice of the customer† over which the manager’s decision is to be based. A firm has to understand the customer; when this is accomplished, product planning and development, including department c ommunications and other relevant information, are easily done. Customer insight is attained by means of the activities in the marketing mix. With the Internet and Information Technology, advertising and promotion are easily accomplished. A firm can conduct online surveys and use the results in formulating plans and future product goals. Online surveys are popular these days. It can acquire a lot of information regarding the customer and their preferences on products and how products should be made. (Jobber and Lancaster 31) Marketing insight is similar to market orientation because it focuses on acquiring information about customers, competing firms, and the marketing environment. The information has to be examined and analysed in the context of the business perspective; how the information can be used to deliver products of value or quality; and how the product can satisfy the customer. (Lamb, Hair, and McDaniel 6) A. Overall Marketing Strategy for Dove From consumer orientation, t he firm must focus on customer satisfaction as part of marketing; meaning marketing should be customer focused and consumer oriented but should be in line with corporate objectives. The next part of the marketing concept is systems orientation. Marketing of Dove products must be a part of a system and to be implemented by a team functioning in unison. (Jobber & Lancaster 23) The key to a successful marketing is ensuring that the needs and wants of customers are met and the products provide these needs and wants. This is the trend in the globalised business. The company should attain customer loyalty, with a focus on the price. Men’s moisturizers may not be a new product but there might be stiff competition in the market. Companies might have taken it for granted but with the recent surveys provided by Mintel, what business needs now is product enhancement. And we can’t get this through outsourcing. Product enhancement should be done in-house. The marketing concept is b ased on the customer’

Global Business Plan for Harbor Freight in UK Research Paper

Global Business Plan for Harbor Freight in UK - Research Paper Example The internal environment largely determines the business growth and development of a company. As such, it is a significant factor that ought to be considered. The internal environment encompasses planning, leading, organizing, implementing and controlling. For a global expansion of a business, planning plays a central role without which the expansion would not be a success. As I have earlier indicated, Harbor Freight enjoys a good established in the United States market. For it to be successful in the UK market, planning has to be done at each of its departments so as to evaluate its efficiency and effectiveness. Some of the departments that need to be considered are the distribution department, the marketing department, the finance department and the logistics and operations department. Research and development will also be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of entering the UK market. Specifically, the marketing department has the duty to analyze the UK market and introduce a n ovel advertising strategy that will enable it to succeed in the UK market. Pereira contends that a good advertising strategy will aid in the success of an organization in a new market.Leading has both a direct and indirect influence on an organization. As regards to Harbor Freight, the marketing department will be responsible for the leading. It will be responsible for consolidating all the efforts of the other internal departments so as to come up with an effective corporate planning that will increase its chances of succeeding in the UK market.

Specialised Cells in Human Biology Essay Example for Free

Specialised Cells in Human Biology Essay â€Å"The cells in your body are tiny-a row of about forty would fit into 1mm. But although they are too small to see with the naked eye their complexity is remarkable. A single cell can be thought of as an organised chemical system, separated from its disorganised surroundings by a membrane† (Boyle et al 1999) First here is a brief summary of major eukaryotic organelles and their structures. The nucleus is the largest and most prominent organelle in the cell. It is usually spherical and about 10um in diameter. It contains the DNA and chromosomes and carries information that allows the cell to divide and carry out its cellular processes. Almost all eukaryote cells have a nucleus. The nucleolus is located in the nucleus it is 1-2 um. Its function is to manufacture ribosomes. The ribosomes are found either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum R. E. R, They are 20nm in size and their function is to synthesise the protein in the cell. The cell surface membrane controls the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell. It is partially permeable. It separates’ the cells contents from the external environment. It is a double layer of phospholipid molecules around 7-10nm thick. Cytoplasm is a jelly like substance that fills the cell it is around 80% water. This is where cell activities occur and most chemical reactions take place. Organelles are suspended in it. The R. E. R. occurs throughout the cytoplasm, it has an extensive membrane network. Its function is to isolate and transport newly synthesised proteins. The mitochondrion is numerous in cytoplasm and there are usually up to 1000per cell. Its function is aerobic respiration and synthesises most of the A. T. P. for the cell. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum S. E. R. is found in small patches in the cytoplasm, they vary in size and their function is to synthesise lipids and steroids. The muscle cells (see figure 1) that are found in the muscles that move the bones at joints in the skeleton. These cells allow for movement like walking or running. The skeletal muscle is made up of specialised cells also referred to as muscle fibres. These cells are long and thin, these elongated cells are tubular in appearance. The cells contain several nuclei for the cell to contract and relax the muscle; the cell needs many nuclei as the nucleus contains the DNA the genetic information that carries the instructions for making each protein i. e. the first step in making proteins takes place in the nuclei. The actual building of the proteins takes place in the sarcoplasm otherwise known as the cytoplasm. There is lots of mitochondria in the cell this because it is needed foe aerobic respiration to create the A. T. P. energy that is needed for the muscle to contract and relax. It is surrounded by the cell membrane or the sarcolemma, filled with sarcoplasm. The sarcoplasm contains many thread like fibres known as myofibrils. These run along the length if the muscle fibres parallel. The sarcoplasmic retilum that is around each myofibril consists of a network of tubes that contain calcium ions these play a major role in bringing about muscle movement. The neurone is the functional unit of the nervous system. They form connections with other neurones. They can carry electrical impulses in one direction; receiving and transmitting information. The thicker the insulation the faster the electrical impulses travel. They are found in the brain or the spinal cord. They are long and thin in fact they are the longest cell in the body. They vary in shape and size depending on their position and function. The neurones running down your leg can be over one metre long. Although all neurones have a similar basic structure, see figure 2 which shows the structure of a typical motor neurone. It transmits signals to muscle fibres. The cell body contains cytoplasm, a large nucleus which is found at the end of the cell and other organelles. Coming off the cell body are as many as 200 thread like dendrites that make the area of the cell body larger, these allow many connections to be made to other neurones and one long limb called an axon. The dendrites bring impulses into the cell body while the axon brings impulses away to connect with other neurones or with effectors such as glands or muscles. A significant feature of a neurone is that their cell bodies contain nissi granules; these work to be a maintenance system that monitors the cell. They are also the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The axoplasm or the cytoplasm extends throughout the cell into the dendrites, synoptic bulbs, cell body and axon. Materials reach different parts of the neurone by axoplasmic transport. Most human cells are microscopic. The largest cell in the human body is the egg cell or the ova. This is just visible with the naked eye. It needs to be bigger than other cells as it needs the space to store food reserves. It is large in diameter at 0. 2mm and has a large cytoplasm this is packed with food reserves which allow the cell to divide before it implants in to the nucleus. It has a large nucleus (see figure 3) this is because it contains all the genetic material of the cell including all of the DNA, 23 chromosomes and all of the information necessary to make a complete human being in just nine months. .The egg cell is surrounded by several layers of cells and the complete unit is called a follicle. The production of egg cells oogenesis takes place within the ovaries of the developing female fetus. At birth a girl already has two million. These fuse with the male gametes called spermatozoa or sperm in a process known as fertilisation. The resulting cell the zygote develops inside the uterus nourished by the placenta into a new individual. The sperm (see figure 4) has a large nucleus; this is because it contains digestive enzymes it also contains the 21 chromosomes that must be delivered to the egg in order for the complete 42 chromosomes to be in the zygote, it also contains chemicals to penetrate the egg and carries genetic information. The sperm has many mitochondria this is because it needs a lot of energy for its long swim to the egg. It has a long tail called a flagellum that is a modified cilium that it uses for swimming to the egg cell. It is one of 50-200 million sperm that attempt the journey to the egg cell but only one can make it and fertilise the egg cell. When the sperm reaches the egg cell; digestive enzymes that are found on the tip of the sperm head are released when the bag splits releasing the enzymes which digest a pathway through any remaining follicle cells and the zona pellucida. Fertilisation has begun.