The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberrry Finn Essay Example For Students

The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberrry Finn Essay In recent times there has been a considerable amount of media attention surrounding the movement of the youth culture. The topic of teenagers growing up in a violent and consumerist culture has been a hot topic as there has been growing concern over the adult issues that teenagers are forced to deal with in today s society. Generation after generation there has been a division between the rebellious nature of the youth and the adult world. The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberrry Finn although written in two different eras attempt to capture the essence of youth and explores the central theme of the journey of the adolescent into adulthood. The two central figures of the novels Holden Caulfeld and Huck Finn reflect this central theme through the realities of the contrasting world s they have created and the experiences they encounter. The two novels take place in different eras, Catcher in the Rye tells the story of Holden exploring the modern New York society made up of different social classes and people from every walk of life. We will write a custom essay on The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberrry Finn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Huck Finn explores the world of the Mississippi river in the 1800 s during a time of slavery and also in the midst of the industrial revolution. Both these characters deal with two contrasting worlds on one hand a world filled with materialism, phoniness and urbanization and on the other hand a rural world that is not yet urbanized however has the elements of corruption that are taking form in the midst of modernization. Holden confronts characters that are a product of a modern city such as pimps, hookers, actors and overall a collection of phony people who thrive on worldly possessions and materialism. Huck Finn however deals with different characters who do not share qualities of urban intelligence but show a more natural form of human evil that is not influenced by the wickedness of the city. These characters are a representation of the kinds of people that were the reality of the Mississippi in those times. Holden and Huck deal with adult worlds from different times and different societies and therefor the view each character has towards life differ. However with the different social realities of the two figures they still struggle to understand the adult worlds they observe. Both characters in the midst of a modern and a rural society still encounter corruption, hypocrisy and a world that generally still has faults and evils lurking beneath the people who surround them. Holden is necessarily one of the modern American descendants of Huck Finn, as once said by a critic. Both characters depict the adolescent youth for their generations and eras however both characters are different in their attitudes towards life and the world. Holden is a 16 year old boy that has a contempt for the phony world that encompasses him. His contempt is a result of his cynical view towards everyone and everything he observes and encounters in his experiences. Huck on the other hand is more innocent and childlike as he is warm hearted and in search of adventure. Holden holds the view that everyone in society is phony and protests anything related to phoniness. He hates television, movies, actors and Hollywood as they all represent a phony society. He goes on to comment on Hamlet as a, sad, screwed up guy who should be portrayed that way and not as a goddamn general. This indicates Holden s cynicism and his contempt for phoniness. Huck does not make observations or any criticisms on the corruption of the society around him other than the fact that he says he can not understand much of the ill treatment and behaviour of many individuals. Instead of criticizing or judging the people around him he seeks to create justice in a world of injustice. He sets out to do this by helping his pal Jim a black runaway slave reach his destination of freedom. Huck is too young to understand as much of the world as Holden does and does not have any concrete opinions on the reality that surrounds him. .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .postImageUrl , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:hover , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:visited , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:active { border:0!important; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:active , .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27 .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4b386207dc555204dd6aaa945109ca27:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Love Song EssayThis is the reason for his innocence and naivete. Holden and Huck both resist to be affected and influenced by the adult world s around them. Holden with his negative attitude and anti-social behaviour refuses to conform with the rest of society. He sets himself apart from the mass of the population criticizng the world for all their faults. He is at the age where he must mature and make the transition into adulthood however he struggles with the hopelessness of the hypocritical world and cannot bring himself to materialize into a man. Huck is a few years younger than Holden and is not yet at the stage where he must make the transition into adulthood however it is first time being exposed to a world beyond his reality and sees the adult world for the first time. He stays youthful with a sense of charm and adventure and combats the adult thieves and hoodlums of the world in the 1800 s. Holden and Huck are also symbols of the all American youth. They are rebellious as they will not listen to any authority figures like parents, teachers and the social norms that are presented upon them. Holden is kicked out of school and Huck is willing to help a black slave in times of great racial barriers. Holden and Huck represent youth and seek to be the saviours of youth. Holden with his wish to be the Catcher in the Rye represents his wish to save or catch children before they make the leap into adulthood. And Huck preserves the greatness of youth from his attempts to be go against the adult world that would condemn for befriending a black slave. This shows the innocence and greatness of youth culture who speaks out against the politics and injustice of the adult world. Huck Finn and Catcher in the Rye are both novels that have been voices for their generations speaking out against the adult worlds of their times. These books also reflect the world in which we live in today where the increasing pressures of the world are making it difficult for young people to realise the greatness of youth. Holden Caulfeld and Huck Finn are truly good examples of the American youth misunderstood by American society and act as good examples to teenagers whom they may be able to identify with.

Training Session Report for Expatriates

Training Session Report for Expatriates Currently, a great number of people from the United States, Australia or the UK live and work in China. The main problem, which they encounter, is cultural and linguistic barriers. Poor knowledge of the Chinese language and culture often leads to misunderstanding or even conflicts. This training session aims to prepare expatriates for possible difficulties, which they may face, while living in this country. In particular, we need to focus on different behavior patterns, dress code, business culture, etiquette etc.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Training Session Report for Expatriates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First of all, foreigner, working in China, must stay in touch with their friends and relatives. This will prevent them from feeling lonely and home-sick. Yet, at the same time they must bear in mind that they must not avoid communication with local people. One should not become withdrawn, as this will o nly contribute to a sense of alienation. This person has to establish as many contacts as possible. This is the key step on his/her path to success. Apart from that, employees ought to be well-acquainted with the city, where they intend to live. They need to know about transportation, places of interests, its history, and so forth. For instance, when speaking about Beijing, an expatriate should remember that it is one of the most densely-populated cities in the world and transportation is a really challenging problem. This is why one has to know about the functioning of Beijing Subway, ring roads, railway stations, expressways, highways etc. This knowledge will be of great value to expatriates, who may need to travel across the city or even across the country. The third issue that has to be addressed during training sessions is cultural values and etiquette, and dress code. For instance, one has to be well-aware of the fact that Chinese people are more inclined to think by means of analogies, metaphors and story-telling (Street Matelski, 2008, p 151). This peculiarity often slows down the process of communication between local inhabitants and foreigners. Secondly, during these training sessions, we need to etiquette, because the Chinese pay much more attention to formalities than Americans or Australians (Bucknall, 2002, p 61). This knowledge will enable us them reduce the effects of culture shock to a minimum. Expatriates must not be afraid of making mistakes during intercultural communication as they are practically inevitable. The biggest mistake lies in avoiding this communication. Unwillingness to communicate with the Chinese partners is one of the reasons why many expatriates feel home-sick.Advertising Looking for report on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, the employees, who are going to live in China for a considerable amount of time, must acquire at least the smattering of the Chinese language. In this case, we must concentrate on various speech situations such as introductions, greetings, thanking people, asking for apology and so forth. Of course, such knowledge of Chinese is only superficial; however, it will indicate that a foreigner genuinely tries to integrate himself into a new culture or society. Certainly, at the beginning a foreigner will require the services of a translator; nevertheless, he/she has to work on his Chinese language proficiency in order to achieve success in this country. On the whole, during these training sessions, an employee has to learn about similarities and distinction existing between two cultures. This will help him/her avoid many potential problems. The most important thing is to overcome the feeling of anxiety which is so common among Australian expatriates. Reference List Bucknall K. 2002. Chinese Business Etiquette and Culture. NY: CM Online Media, Inc. Street. N. L. Matelski M. 2008. American bus inesses in China: balancing culture and communication. NY: McFarland.

Individual project 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual project 3 - Essay Example There are two types of Currency Markets; Spot Market is basically a market where immediate transactions take place. Once the transactions are made, they are recorded by the 2nd business day. The main participants by market include brokers commercial banks customers of commercial and central banks Sources of spot quotations come from all major newspapers and major currencies that use different quotes. The spot market has varying prices depending on the number of days from say 30-day through 60-day to 180-day. The spot market recognizes the customers even when making quotations. The costs of Transactions Costs will depend on the market trends as well as a bid-spread basis. This helps us to formulate the spot as well as forward exchange rates. The bid represents the price or cost at which the bidder (mostly bank) is willing to buy while the ask equals to the price at which the bidder will sell the currency bought. The other type of currency market is the forward Market. In this form of currency market, transactions take place only at a specified future date or time. It is characterized by ; arbitrageurs traders hedgers speculators The forward market forms’ main aim is to among other things reduce the cost of trading and provide liquidity. It also serves to threaten people mainly traders of oligopoly of information. This form of currency market is more popular that the former as it boasts of a large market size. For instance, the market a trend in a research done annually in 1995 and that on a daily basis in some major cities is as below. 1995: $1.2 trillion dailyMarket Centers (1995) London =$464 billion New York= $244 billion Tokyo = $161 billion In order to effectively handle the assignment, I have broken it down as below so that it is easier to follow through. To calculate the spot and 12-month forward exchange rates we will first to calculate the PS for both German and China currencies. USA German Revenues forecast =$500 million operations=â‚ ¬100 mi llion Operations=$300million ROS= 12% ROS= 10%= net income China Operations=650 million yuan ROS= 8% This can be done by following a formula given below. 1. 10% of $300=$30 PS= {ask-bid}/ask*100 PS= ({$300-$30}/$300)*100 = $90miliion 2. 12% of â‚ ¬100= â‚ ¬12 PS= {ask-bid}/ask*100 PS= ({â‚ ¬100-â‚ ¬12}/â‚ ¬100)*100 =â‚ ¬88million 3. 8% 650 million yuan= 52 million yuan PS= {ask-bid}/ask*100 = {650-52/650}*100 =92 million yuan The forward exchange rate for German will be 90/88 or $1.0227. Whereas, the forward exchange rate for China will be 90/92 or $0.978. Repatriation can be termed as the process of changing a foreign currency into that of an owner’s country. This is usually dependent on the exchange rate between the two currencies caused by disparities between the economies of scale. A good example would be a South African converting American pound back into South African rand so that they are able to use it. While exchanging the money, the trader will be exposed to something called foreign exchange risk. This is when the trader decides to engage in a foreign exchange swap. In a spot transaction, the condition is that of a bid-ask condition. Therefore, depending on how much the bidder (bank) is willing to offer and how much it will sell then the trader will decide whether to be involved in the transaction. So for instance if the bank is in need of the currency, the trader might actually make a profit out of it(Sellon, 1998, 147-177). In the outright forward repatriation,

Microsoft Visio Case Tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microsoft Visio Case Tool - Essay Example Microsoft Visio’s interface is user-friendly by virtue of its numerous semblances to other Microsoft programs. As such, usual computer operators will find it easier to interact with and generate the finest drawing outcomes. For members of the team who are starters in this class of applications, the visual style is highly revealing, giving it greater intuitive qualities that anybody in the team can utilize to generate the best outcomes. Parker (2013) suggested that the ability of the program to automatically check the user’s diagrams and correct glaring mistakes on the projects is one of its iconic benefits that complement human skills and creativity to generate high-quality graphic deliverables for the software development team. Still, the Office utility enables users to insert hyperlinks to other more complex flowcharts that cannot be collated together in a single page. This feature improves the programs interactive nature with external sources of information. Wright and Roth (2013) added that by enabling the users to customize the way they route their primary ideas and include one’s own tasks made on Microsoft Visual Basic Express, each member of the software development teams will easily execute their tasks as spelt out in the work breakdown structure and compare notes on best they can carry out the process in a more seamless manner. Alternatives to the Office utility Gantt Chart is an alternative to MS Visio, considering that the both programs have comparable deliverables.

Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review - Article Example The concept of fetal tissue transplant has been one of the most controversial aspects in recent medical research. The very fact that the tissue comes from aborted fetus has raised myriad questions especially amongst bioethical campaigners who feel it is certainly inappropriate to use aborted fetus as a panacea in a medical situation. Well, considering such arguments, it is imperative to realise that upon successful confirmation and development of fetal tissue transplant, it would really create the need to provide the fetal tissues in abundant supplies in order to address the growing demand. That would create a dilemma in the medical fraternity. Conventional ethics basically fails to concur with such a proposition. The situation becomes more intricate given that no consent is obtained from anybody when the fetus is used in the treatment. The greatest challenge that confronts the medical fraternity in the present age is the unavailability of other options with regard to the treatment of Parkinson disease. Sure enough, as a challenge to humanity, the disease needs to be addressed. In the United States, the issue had become so publicised to the extent that the president was forced to intervene and give a national broadcast with reference to the whole research undertaking. The common argument on ethical grounds regards the fact that the research will accelerate and encourage unnecessary abortions in the face of the growing need to treat patients through fetal tissue transplant. On the same account, bioethical researchers argue that a woman who accepts to conduct an abortion cannot authorise the use of the fetal tissues in the medical treatment because she will have abdicated her parental responsibility in the first place. Sure enough, that point holds water given the challenges that are likely to be realised with women conducing abortions in order to

The brander-krugman model

The brander-krugman model Extended Essay 1 The Brander-Krugman model, also known as the reciprocal dumping model, explains the possibility of international trade in a homogenous good. In doing so, it raises an interesting issue: is this apparently pointless trade socially beneficial? Meanwhile, Corden developed a more realistic customs union (CU) theory compared to orthodox theory by relaxing the assumption of constant marginal costs (MC). While the framework of these two models are similar, their conclusions are very different, the reasons for which are discussed further below. a) Both models are set in a partial equilibrium framework; the prices of all substitutes and complements of the good in question are assumed to be constant, as are the income levels of consumers, allowing for an easier analysis of welfare gains from the formation of the customs union (CU). Within this framework, there is a single producer in each of the CU countries that produces a homogenous good. The other similarity between the two models is that the tariffs set and faced by both countries (Home (H) and Partner (P)) before CU formation are equal .Thus, when the union is created a Common External Tariff (CET) already exists. Corden develops his model in further stages to include made-to-measure tariffs so that the CET has to be set upon CU formation. It is assumed that this will be set lower than the original tariffs that were imposed. The countries forming a CU in Cordens model are small relative to the rest of the world (R), implying that its formation will have no effect on world prices. In the Brander-Krugman model, all three countries (R is represented as one country) are identical in size. Symmetry is assumed between the firms in the Brander-Krugman model therefore the firms in each of the countries face the same constant marginal cost and domestic demand functions, contrary to Corden. Corden relaxes the assumption of constant marginal costs (MC) that is held in orthodox customs union theory, and assumes instead that the firms benefit from internal economies of scale and thus face declining marginal and average cost (AC) curves. Figure 1 shows that the minimum point of the firms AC curves is above the price paid for imports (pm). Hence a tariff is necessary to protect domestic production, which is set at T- pm and prevents R from importing to H and P. The domestic price being equal to the firms AC, they operate at a normal profit. The price received for exports (px) is assumed to be lower than pm as H and P also face tariffs. Therefore, their AC is greater than px and so they cannot export their goods either. Thus, unlike in the Brander-Krugman model, there is no international trade prior to CU formation. The main characteristic of the Brander-Krugman model is that the firms display Cournot behaviour the firms make decisions about their own output levels to maximise their profits assuming that the output levels of the other producers will not change[1]. This is not necessarily the case in Cordens model. b) The existence of internal economies of scale in Corden means that efficiency and welfare gains could be increased if a single firm increases its output and captures both markets following CU formation. This, along with the assumption that the firms face different cost functions, leads to the conclusion that the firm with the higher AC will exit the market and import the good from the firm that can produce it at a lower cost (this essay will assume that the partner firm exits the market). The assumption that the partner firm operated at a normal profit pre-CU indicates that there will be no loss of producer surplus and no welfare loss in P as it exits the market. Conversely, the symmetry between the firms in Cournot means that neither firm in the CU has a cost advantage over the other. Thus, both the home and partner countries benefit from CU formation by increasing trade with each other, resulting in an increase in output for both firms (Appendix, equation (1)). Although H and P have increased their overall output, the quantity they supply in each of their domestic markets decreases (equation 2). Although there is an overall gain in welfare in both models as a result of CU formation, the source of these gains differ. Both the home and partner countries experience a welfare gain from CU formation in Cournot given the symmetry, whereas only the home country benefits in Corden as the partner firm exits the market. In Cournot, the price falls in the markets (equation 3) and thus the welfare gain is largely reflected by an increase in consumer surplus (equation 4) in both the home and partner markets. The countries also lose welfare through a fall in tariff revenue (equation 5) and the firms profits may rise or fall depending on the elasticity of the aggregate demand in the CU (equation 6). However, Hs overall welfare gain is shown to be always positive (equation 7). In Corden, the assumption that the home and partner countries are small compared to the rest of the world implies that the CU firms are not large enough to compete with the outside firm and therefore the CU formation will not affect world prices. This, along with the assumption that the remaining firm within the CU maximises his profit by charging right up to the import-preventing price, which is the world price plus the CET, means that the price will remain unchanged. Thus, the increased welfare is due to an increase in the remaining firms producer surplus (figure 1, a+ß) as the fall in average cost (to J, figure 1) is not passed onto consumers. However, if made-to-measure tariffs are assumed and the CET is lower than both the initial tariffs, a price reduction will be induced in both countries and some of the welfare gain will be passed onto consumers. The symmetry in Cournot and differentiation in Corden also lead to different conclusions with respect to the impact on the rest of the world. In Corden, the CU formation does not affect Rs welfare under the assumption that there was no international trade pre-CU and there is still none post-CU. In Cournot, the fall in Rs output (equation 8) and the price drop in H and P impact negatively on the R firms profits (equation 9). As consumption and imports in R remain unchanged, Rs welfare is reduced. The main assumptions that lead to the different conclusions are those of symmetrical costs in Cournot and differentiation in Corden. This affects how the welfare gains are divided amongst the countries as well as how they are split between the producers and consumers. c) In discussing the appropriateness of the models to the EU situation, the relevance of the assumptions and the predicted results, and how the causes of these results compare with reality need to be considered. There are many studies that analyse how EU integration has affected trade flows in terms of trade creation and trade diversion. Trade creation is defined as intra-EU imports replacing domestic production; trade diversion as EU imports replacing imports from the rest of the world. By 1992, bilateral trade between any two EC countries was 65% higher than if the EC had not existed, supporting both models predictions that trade between the home and partner countries increases.[2] Over the period from 1959/60 to 1977, which includes both stages of integration for the EC and EFTA countries, annual trade creation was estimated at $20-31 billion and trade diversion at $5-8 billion.[3] This affirms the Cournot prediction that the partner firm would increase its imports to the home country at the expense of both domestic production and imports from the rest of the world. A study by the Single Market Review on the impact of the Single Market Programme (SMP) on trade creation and trade diversion gives a detailed insight into the relevance of the Corden and Cournot models to the EU situation.[4] Its data and analysis focuses on industries within the manufacturing sector, particularly the 15 industries that were likely to be particularly sensitive to the SMP.[5] Although there are some industries close to perfect competition with a concentration ratio of 0.00 or 0.01 such as clothing and boiler making most industries within the EU are relatively oligopolistic according to their average concentration ratios. The assumption of perfect information is unlikely to hold true. In many economic theories where this is assumed, it is highly unrealistic, especially with regards to the reactions of a firms competitors to the union formation. While Cournot assumes that firms face a constant MC, a 50% reduction in output from the minimum efficient scale of output led to an increase in AC, and therefore MC, in all the industries analysed, thus indicating the presence of economies of scale. The assumption that all firms display Cournot behaviour does not always hold in the context of the EU. Through a comparison of the changes in the price-cost margins and in the home firms market share in the domestic industry, it is evident that industries reacted in two very different ways. One group, including office machines and pharmaceutical products, experienced large cuts in their price-cost margins and a relatively small change in their market share, while the opposite is the case for the other group. It appears that the first group decided to reduce its prices instead of losing market share, implying that some firms do not compete on output but on price. However, the effect of changes in competitive behaviour by firms on market shares was extremely small for most industries and countries, though it was usually more important in the smaller EU countries.[6] Thus, changes in firms behaviour are relatively insignificant in affecting market shares, compared to other factors. The assumption of symmetrical firms is, again, an unrealistic one. Given that the country sizes within the EU are very different, it is highly likely that firms across the EU faced different market sizes and domestic demand functions before integration, and as a result, they are unlikely to be the same size or have the same cost functions. In terms of the impact of the CU formation on the industries, most of the results predicted in Cournot hold true from 1900-94, the period examined in this SMR report. The price-cost margins in the 15 sensitive industries fell by an average of 3.9%, while they fell by 3.6% in the manufacturing sector as a whole. The extent of this drop in each industry depends on the behaviour of the firms. The impact of the SMP on the respective market shares in the manufacturing sector as a whole is negative for the home industries, and positive for both the EU and the rest of the worlds market shares in the home country. Cournots model correctly predicted that the home firm would sell more while the partner firm would sell less in the home market. However, it predicts that the rest of the worlds share of the home market would fall. The SMR carried out two ex-post simulations; one with no direct external trade effects and one with. All of Cournots predictions regarding changes in the market shares hold true for the former simulation. However, the latter simulation is more accurate in reflecting the actual changes in market shares that were experienced over this integration period. This implies that the Cournot model does not take into account the increasing liberalisation of external trade over this period that also led to a reduction in extra-EU trade costs, either as a result of the CU formation or due to increasing globalisation. In terms of welfare, the changes support Cournots prediction that welfare increased in both H and P. The change in welfare measured as a percentage of GDP was greater than the percentage change in GDP in each of the EU countries analysed. The main goal of creating the single market in the EU was to increase its competitiveness with respect to large economies such as the USA through economies of scale. This implies that Cordens model should offer a more accurate picture of the EU. However, certain assumptions do not reflect the EUs characteristics. The assumption that the CU-forming countries are small may hold true for some of the EU countries; however, the implication of this that the customs union will be unable to affect world prices may not hold. Given the size of the EU, it is large enough to compete with the large economies such as the USA and Japan. Cordens predictions regarding changes in price and market shares are not appropriate to the EU situation, due to the strong assumptions that there was no international trade prior to the formation and thus no trade with the rest of the world after. Also, with the partner firm exiting the market, it is assumed that there is no increase in competition following CU formation, thus no change in the prices. However, there is evidence supporting the main conclusion of this model that the welfare gain is a result of restructuring, which leads to increasingly concentrated industries as firms can benefit from economies of scale as the size of the market that they have access to increases. Between 1987 and 1993, the four-firm concentration ratio increased by 2.3% across 71 industries in the EU.[7] This was partly due to increased restructuring; between 1987 and 1990, the percentage of MAs involving countries from two different member states jumped from 9.6% to 21.5% in anticipation of the Single Market. This replaced MAs within country borders which fell from 71.6% to 60.7% over the same period.[8] While it is true that EU industry concentration has increased, this is cannot be attributed solely to an expansion in the market size. Many industries already operated internationally in the 1980s and hence, a market size expansion would not have had as big an impact on the concentration level. The single market also led to a reduction in non-tariff barriers (especially barriers to entry) between EU member states, through public procurement liberalisation, increased ease of cross-border knowledge transfer and the free movement of capital. Cordens comparative static model fails to take into account the dynamic effects of EU integration. The aim of the SMP was much more ambitious than a mere elimination of the tariff barriers and thus both theories, which focus on the effects of a CU, are too simplistic to be wholly appropriate. Certain aspects of both models are comparable to the EU situation. However, Cordens model seems to be more suitable; while Cournots results regarding changes in the prices and respective market share were more accurate, Cordens underlying characteristics are much more appropriate to the current EU situation. 1 Friedman, James (1983), Oligopoly Theory, Cambridge University Press Frankel (1997) (Ali El-Agraa P175) Kreinin (1979b) (Ali El-Agraa P175 European Commission/CEPR (1997) Trade Creation and Trade Diversion, Subseries IV/ volume 3 of The Single Market Review Buigues, Ilzkovitz and Lebrun (1990) EC/CEPR, 1997, Trade creation and trade diversion Subseries V, Volume 4, Economies of Scale AMDATA in European Economy (1999)

Understanding Computer Networks Essay -- Research Papers

Understanding Computer Networks Each day, students and faculty at State University sit down in front of a PC or UNIX workstation and eagerly check their electronic mail, surf the World Wide Web, or run applications such as word processors and analysis packages. To most users, the magical wire which carries all of this information is nothing more than an electrical construct; two pair of wires twisted together and crimped at the end with phone connectors. Our world today is built on networking in every field from cable television to telephone systems, yet many engineers, old and young alike, have no idea what constructs enable them to communicate seamlessly across the globe. Computer technology is constantly evolving. Fifteen years ago, computers were connected via simple serial interfaces communicating at 9600 bits per second. Today, workstations pump out data at rates in excess of 100,000,000 bits per second, and the road to improvement seems endless. The networking industry is filled with jargon which make it difficult to understand. While the concept of networking is not difficult to grasp, it is often difficult to fully explain. This text will enable the reader to understand the basic hardware that allows a computer network to function. Computer networks consist of five major components. Two of these components are probably familiar to you: the workstation and the network server. When you sit down at a networked computer, the first thing you do is type in your name and a password. This process allows the computer to recognize you, and verify you are who you say you are by means of a password. When the login process is complete, you are connected to a network server; a device that simultaneously manages the disk space and... ...until it finds its final destination. And of course, traffic on the same floor wonÕt be forwarded by the router, since it was already sent to every port on that floor by the switch or repeater. Repeaters, switches, and routers form the basis of computer networks as we know them today. These devices provide connectivity which spans from the desktop to the global internet and back again. The networking industry is growing at an exponential rate, and there are constant challenges to make these devices faster, cheaper, and better. The knowledge presented here is just the tip of a gigantic iceberg with many opportunities for those interested, including opportunities in circuit design, network administration, systems consulting, and more. As networking grows to encompass every aspect of our lives, so will the value of people who know what networking is and how it works. Understanding Computer Networks Essay -- Research Papers Understanding Computer Networks Each day, students and faculty at State University sit down in front of a PC or UNIX workstation and eagerly check their electronic mail, surf the World Wide Web, or run applications such as word processors and analysis packages. To most users, the magical wire which carries all of this information is nothing more than an electrical construct; two pair of wires twisted together and crimped at the end with phone connectors. Our world today is built on networking in every field from cable television to telephone systems, yet many engineers, old and young alike, have no idea what constructs enable them to communicate seamlessly across the globe. Computer technology is constantly evolving. Fifteen years ago, computers were connected via simple serial interfaces communicating at 9600 bits per second. Today, workstations pump out data at rates in excess of 100,000,000 bits per second, and the road to improvement seems endless. The networking industry is filled with jargon which make it difficult to understand. While the concept of networking is not difficult to grasp, it is often difficult to fully explain. This text will enable the reader to understand the basic hardware that allows a computer network to function. Computer networks consist of five major components. Two of these components are probably familiar to you: the workstation and the network server. When you sit down at a networked computer, the first thing you do is type in your name and a password. This process allows the computer to recognize you, and verify you are who you say you are by means of a password. When the login process is complete, you are connected to a network server; a device that simultaneously manages the disk space and... ...until it finds its final destination. And of course, traffic on the same floor wonÕt be forwarded by the router, since it was already sent to every port on that floor by the switch or repeater. Repeaters, switches, and routers form the basis of computer networks as we know them today. These devices provide connectivity which spans from the desktop to the global internet and back again. The networking industry is growing at an exponential rate, and there are constant challenges to make these devices faster, cheaper, and better. The knowledge presented here is just the tip of a gigantic iceberg with many opportunities for those interested, including opportunities in circuit design, network administration, systems consulting, and more. As networking grows to encompass every aspect of our lives, so will the value of people who know what networking is and how it works.

Evolution of Financial Management Essay

The Traditional Phase:This phase has lasted for about four decades. Its finest expression was shown in the scholarly work of Arthur S. Dewing, in his book tilted the Financial Policy of Corporation in 1920s. In this phase the focus of financial management was on four selected aspects. It treats the entire subject of finance from the outsider’s point of view (investment banks, lenders, other) rather than the financial decision maker in the firm. It places much importance of corporation finance and too little on the financing problems of non-corporate enterprises. The sequence of treatment was on certain episodic events like formation, issuance of capital, major expansion, merger, reorganization and liquidation during the life cycle of an enterprise. It laid heavy emphasis on long-term financing, institutions, instruments, procedures used in capital markets and legal aspects of financial events. That is, it lacks emphasis on the problems of working capital management. It was criticized throughout the period of its dominance, but the criticism is based on matters of treatment and emphasis. Traditional phase was only outsiders looking approach, over emphasis on episodic events and lack of importance to day-to-day problems. The Transition Phase: It began in the early 1940’s and continued through the early 1950’s. The nature of financial management in this phase is almost similar to that of the earlier phase, but more emphasis is given to the day-to-day (working capital) problems faced by the finance managers. Capital budgeting techniques were developed in this phase. Much more details of this phase is given in the book titled Essays on Business Finance. The Modem Phase: It began in the mid 1950’s and has shown commendable development with combination of ideas from economic and statistics has led the financial management to be more analytical and quantitative. The main issue of this phase is rational matching of funds to their uses, which leads to the maximization of shareholders’ wealth. This phase witnessed significant developments. The area of advancement was – capital structure. The study says the cost of capital and capital structure is independent in nature. Dividend policy, suggests that there is the effect of dividend policy on the value of the firm. This phase has also seen one of the first applications of linear programming. For estimation of opportunity cost of funds, multiple rates of return-gives way to calculate multiple rates of a project. Investment decision under conditions of uncertainty gives the formula for determination of expected cash inflows and variance of net present value of project and also defined how probabilistic information helps the firm to optimize investment decisions involving risk. Portfolio analysis gives the idea for the allocation of a fixed sum of money among the available investment securities. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), suggests that some of the risks in investments can be neutralized by holding a diversified portfolio of securities. Arbitrage Pricing Model (APM), argued that the expected return must be related to risk in such a way, that no single investor could create unlimited wealth through arbitrage. CAPM is still widely used in the real world, but APM is slowly gaining momentum. The Agency theory emphasizes the role of financial contracts in creating and controlling agency problems. Option Pricing Theory (OPT), applied Martingale pricing principle to the pricing of real estates. The cash management of models (working capital management) by Baumol Model, Miller and Orglers, Baumol models helps to determine optimum cash conversion size; Miller model reorder points and upper control points and Orglers model helps to determine optimal cash management strategy by adoption of linear programming application. Further new means of raising finance with the introduction of new capital market instruments, such as Pads, Fads, PSBs and Caps, etc. Financial engineering that involves the design, development and the implementation of innovative financial instruments, and formulation of creative optional solutions to problems in finance. Even though, the above mentioned developed areas of finance is remarkable, but understanding the international dimension of corporate finance formed a very small part of it, which is not sufficient in this era of globalization.

Lady Audley essays

Lady Audley essays Phoebe Marks inferiority is complex Phoebe Marks identity is masked by being inferior to both Lady Audley and Luke Marks in the Mary Elizabeth Bradden novel Lady Audleys Secret. This inferiority not only lessens Phoebes femininity but also forces her into a subdivision of gender she is incapable of owning. Why didnt the privileges that existed for Lady Audley exist for Phoebe? Phoebe is afraid of Luke, and terrified of refusing his hand in marriage therefore robbing her of the feminine duty or privilege to marry well. Is it a coincidence that Phoebe is treated better as a maid at Audley Court than Luke Marks wife? Throughout the novel, Phoebe is referred to as a maid or servant of Lady Audley and the wife of Luke Marks or the inn keepers wife (311). She is never characterized on her own circumstance, but on the circumstance of others. In other words, she is never able to do what she wants as a person or as a woman, instead she has to take orders from people who do not see her as the effeminate woman she could be. For example, she is forced into marrying Luke because she is afraid that if she does not marry him, he will be very violent toward her. On page 107, Phoebe explains Luke as a child ...he was always violent and revengeful. I saw him once take up that very knife in a quarrel with his mother. I tell you, my lady, I must marry him. Since she is afraid of Luke, she is robbed of the feminine privilege to marry for love (or Lady Audleys this case-money). Again on page 107, Phoebe declares that she does not love Luke: I dont think I can love him. We have been together from children, and I promised, when I was little better than fifteen, that Id be his wife. I darent break that promise now...I darent refuse to marry him. Ive often watched and watched him, as he has sat slicing away at a hedge-stake with his great...

The Long History of the Rain Gauge

The Long History of the Rain Gauge One source has is that the son of King Sejong the Great, who reigned the Choson Dynasty from 1418 to 145, invented the first rain gauge. King Sejong sought ways to improve agricultural technology to provide his subjects with adequate food and clothing. In improving agricultural technology, Sejong contributed to the sciences of astronomy and meteorology (weather). He invented a calendar for the Korean people and ordered the development of accurate clocks. Droughts plagued the kingdom and King Sejong directed every village to measure the amount of rainfall. His son, the crown prince, later called King Munjong, invented a rain gauge while measuring rainfall at the palace. Munjong decided that instead of digging into the earth to check rain levels, it would be better to use a standardized container. King Sejong sent a rain gauge to every village, and they were used as an official tool to measure the farmers potential harvest. Sejong also used these measurements to determine what the farmers land taxes should be. The rain gauge was invented in the fourth month of 1441. The invention of the rain gauge in Korea came two hundred years before inventor Christopher Wren created a rain gauge (tipping bucket rain gauge circa 1662) in Europe. Rainmakers Born in Fort Scott, Kansas, in 1875, Hatfield claimed to have been a student of meteorology for 7 years, during which time he discovered that by sending a secret combination of chemicals into the air clouds could be produced in large enough quantities that rain was sure to follow. On March 15, 1950, New York City hired Dr. Wallace E Howell as the citys official rainmaker.

President Nelson Mandela was seen by people from various political, Research Paper

President Nelson Mandela was seen by people from various political, economic, social, religious, cultural, ethnic and racial bac - Research Paper Example The legislation led to the fleeing of Africans from the rural areas where they owned farms to the towns to find jobs1. Nelson Mandela a black leader of ANC led to the end of the oppression and discrimination of the black, the colored people, and Indians in 1994. Mandela became the president of South Africa under the party in the same year, and since then, ANC has ruled the country up to date (Mandela, Van, and Bouma 30)2. Background Nelson Mandela led the black people in the country to opposing apartheid from 1948 to 1994 when he was sworn in as the head of state. Mandela became a leader of ANC in 1948 when the government introduced the segregation of the citizens based on race and color. The racial classes that the Afrikaner government included whites, blacks, colored, and Indians. The colored people were the non-white and non-Indian such as the Italians (Claasens and Cousins 67). The whites were considered respectable and greater than all other races3. Mandela and other members of ANC struggled to negotiate with the government to end racial discrimination and oppression. The oppression that the black people underwent included serving the Dutch at low or no cost, being hindered from accessing education, and being blocked from leadership positions (Muiui 79). Mandela underwent several imprisonments as an ANC leader with the last one ending in 1990. The leader’s defeat of apartheid in South Afric

Marketing plan for dove skin-care products for men Essay

Marketing plan for dove skin-care products for men - Essay Example This is one of the most important parts of marketing – availability of information about products and people. The first information need that a marketer must meet is consumer orientation. We have to identify the target market, which in this case is the male population, aged 15-34-year-olds. This is a growing segment of users of facial skincare products. Skin care products, like moisturizers and deep-cleaning facewash, are products that should be built up through the marketing mix. More information of these products has to be analysed and enhanced as the information from the market segment becomes rich and valuable. A market analysis for introducing a new kind of product which, according to Mintel, is a need product for 15-34-year-olds of the UK male population, has to be done with several factors to be taken into consideration. It is not only the customers and their needs that we need to understand. We also have to take into consideration the organisation’s capabilities , and this includes our competitors’ capabilities, how the customers’ will respond or react to the product, the organisation’s economic needs, the technological aspects, and other important elements in the supply chain. If we have to anticipate customers’ needs and wants, we must have a thorough understanding of consumer behaviour. This part of marketing is complicated but it can be done through research and surveys. The needs and motivations of the male population, the 15-24 and the 15-34 demographics, can be accomplished through online surveys. Surveys can also be done by hiring an independent firm who knows the mechanics of surveying potential customers and their needs. The company needs marketing insight. Marketing insight is also known as â€Å"voice of the customer† over which the manager’s decision is to be based. A firm has to understand the customer; when this is accomplished, product planning and development, including department c ommunications and other relevant information, are easily done. Customer insight is attained by means of the activities in the marketing mix. With the Internet and Information Technology, advertising and promotion are easily accomplished. A firm can conduct online surveys and use the results in formulating plans and future product goals. Online surveys are popular these days. It can acquire a lot of information regarding the customer and their preferences on products and how products should be made. (Jobber and Lancaster 31) Marketing insight is similar to market orientation because it focuses on acquiring information about customers, competing firms, and the marketing environment. The information has to be examined and analysed in the context of the business perspective; how the information can be used to deliver products of value or quality; and how the product can satisfy the customer. (Lamb, Hair, and McDaniel 6) A. Overall Marketing Strategy for Dove From consumer orientation, t he firm must focus on customer satisfaction as part of marketing; meaning marketing should be customer focused and consumer oriented but should be in line with corporate objectives. The next part of the marketing concept is systems orientation. Marketing of Dove products must be a part of a system and to be implemented by a team functioning in unison. (Jobber & Lancaster 23) The key to a successful marketing is ensuring that the needs and wants of customers are met and the products provide these needs and wants. This is the trend in the globalised business. The company should attain customer loyalty, with a focus on the price. Men’s moisturizers may not be a new product but there might be stiff competition in the market. Companies might have taken it for granted but with the recent surveys provided by Mintel, what business needs now is product enhancement. And we can’t get this through outsourcing. Product enhancement should be done in-house. The marketing concept is b ased on the customer’